区块链数字资产物权论

On the Real Right of Blockchain Digital Assets

随着区块链技术的发展应用,以加密虚拟货币、NFT等为代表的区块链原生数字资产应运而生。而与其广阔的发展前景形成强烈反差的是,我国立法对其财产属性语焉不详,司法实践在其财产属性的认定上也莫衷一是,法律的不确定性已成为区块链数字资产市场发展与创新的最大障碍。区块链原生数字资产与网络游戏道具等债权性质的传统网络虚拟财产和数据存在根本性区别,区块链系统赋予的诸多新特征使其具有排他支配的可能性,符合物权特征。因此,现阶段区块链原生数字资产应被视为物权客体,按照物权规则予以保护。基于《民法典》第127条规定,将来立法在保护包括区块链原生数字资产在内的网络虚拟财产和数据时,可采取区分原则,明确规定对区块链原生数字资产以物权规则进行保护,而对具有弱控制性和弱支配性的其他网络虚拟财产和数据以其他形式的财产权益进行保护,以帮助构建区块链数字资产市场,并解决随之而来的破产、信托、担保、继承等一系列相关问题。

With the development and application of blockchain technology, various blockchain native digital assets such as crypto currency and NFT come into existence. However, contrary to its bright future, current Chinese law says little about its nature as property, and current judicial practice is unable to reach a consensus. This legal uncertainty has become the obstacle for the development and innovation of digital asset market. Blockchain native digital assets are fundamentally different from traditional virtual properties such as game items, and its novel features endowed by blockchain systems let it have the characteristic of exclusive control and satisfy the characteristics of real rights. Therefore, blockchain native digital assets should be regarded as the object of real rights, and its protection apply rules of real rights at current stage.