中药多糖抗衰老作用机制研究进展

Anti-aging Mechanism of Chinese Medicinal Polysaccharides:A Review

近年来,人口老龄化趋势不断加剧,养老负担及高发率的老年病对社会、经济的发展产生了一定的负面影响。衰老是一个涉及多器官、多因素与多种疾病发生有关的生物学过程,由于衰老的发生发展涉及多种信号通路,如营养感应信号通路、胞内应激信号通路等,成为抗衰老药物研究的热点与难点。中药活性成分-多糖类物质,具有抗肿瘤、降血糖、降血脂、抗氧化、抗病毒等多种生物学活性,且在抗衰老方面有显著优势,有望成为潜在的抗衰老药物。研究表明,中药多糖能通过多种作用机制发挥抗衰老功效,其抗衰老功效主要体现在通过饮食限制,促进长寿基因沉默信息调节因子1(Sirt1),叉头转录因子(FoxO)表达,增加机体对胰岛素的敏感性,激活Sirt1去乙酰化酶或抑制胰岛素/胰岛素样生长因子1(IIS/IGF-1)及雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路,有效抑制衰老;此外,还可通过抑制活性氧(ROS)产生及促炎介质释放,增加抗炎及抗氧化能力,发挥免疫调节功效,有效抑制炎症衰老;也可通过p53介导的途径抑制细胞凋亡并延缓衰老。虽然中药多糖抗衰老研究多,作用广泛,效果良好,但是缺乏对中药多糖抗衰老作用机制的系统性综述,因此,该文总结PubMed与中国知网数据库中相关文献,就中药多糖抗衰老作用机制进行系统阐述,以期为科研研究者和临床工作者提供借鉴及信息参考。

In the greying society,pension burden and high incidence of geriatric diseases have hindered social and economic development to a certain extent.Aging is a biological process involving multiple organs and factors,which leads to the occurrence of a variety of diseases.The occurrence of aging is related to a variety of signal pathways,such as nutrient sensing signal pathway and intracellular stress signal pathway,which attracts the interest of scholars in anti-aging drugs and poses a challenge to the development of such drugs.The antitumor,hypoglycemic,hypolipidemic,antioxidant,and antiviral activities of Chinese medicinal polysaccharides have been gradually confirmed,and they also have significant advantages in anti-aging.Thus,they are potential candidates for the development of anti-aging drugs.It has been verified that Chinese medicinal polysaccharides exert the anti-aging effect through a variety of mechanisms.To be specific,through dietary restriction,they promote the expression of longevity genes silencing information regulator 1(Sirt1)and forkhead box O(FoxO)transcription factor,enhance the sensitivity to insulin,activate Sirt1 deacetylase or inhibit insulin/IGF-1 signaling(IIS)and mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)signal pathway,thereby exerting the anti-aging effect.In addition,they can inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and the release of proinflammatory mediators,enhance anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity,and regulate the immunity to inhibit inflammation and aging.Moreover,they can also inhibit apoptosis and delay aging through p53-mediated pathway.Despite the extensive research on anti-aging effect of Chinese medicinal polysaccharides,and the diverse effects and ideal efficacy of the polysaccharides,the anti-aging mechanism has not been systematically reviewed.Therefore,this paper summarizes the relevant literature in PubMed and CNKI and systematically expounds the aging-related signal pathways regulated by Chinese medicinal polysaccharides,which is expected to provide a reference for researchers and clinical workers.