我国北方冬季覆盖作物研究进展及发展前景

Advances and Outlook of Winter Cover Crop Development Research in Northern China

农田风蚀退化及其所导致的土地荒漠化是我国北方最大的生态环境问题之一,而冬春季农田长时间裸露是主要原因之一。冬油菜、冬小麦、麦茬等冬季覆盖度70%~95%,风蚀模数分别为22.3、23.3、83.5 kg·hm^(-1)·h^(-1),分别为春播处理(543.6 kg·hm^(-1)·h^(-1))的4.10%、4.28%、15.36%,在防治土壤风蚀、保育农田方面具有良好效果。概述了目前我国北方冬季覆盖作物及周年覆盖高效环保种植技术研究进展。推广应用冬季覆盖作物能够在我国北方广大地区实现农田的周年不间断地表有机覆盖,有效解决北方农田风蚀问题,保育农田,对推动农业提质增效和改善我国北方生态环境具有重要意义。

The degrading land caused by wind erosion and the subsequent desertification of farmland in Nnorthern China have been one of the severe eco-environmental problems,which mainly resulted by the long explosion of farmland during winter and spring seasons. The cultivation of winter rapeseed,winter wheat and the wheat stubble after harvest could effectively improve this issue,whose land coverage rates in winter were varied from 70% to 95%. The wind erosion modulus of winter rapeseed,winter wheat and wheat stubble were 22.3,23.3 and 83.5 kg·hm^(-1)·h^(-1),respectively,which were 4.10%,4.28% and 15.36% of the control(spring seeded land,543.6 kg·hm^(-1)·h^(-1)),respectively. This study summarized the research progress of winter cover crops and high-efficiency environmental protection planting technology of annual coverage in China. The application and dissemination of winter cover crops could guarantee constant organic surface coverage for the farmland in Northern China throughout the year,and had achieved great success in preventing winter erosion of farmland,which was of great significance to improve the agricultural quality and the ecological environment in north China.