旅游开发中旅游吸引物权的制度化路径与实践效应--以“阿者科计划”减贫试验为例

Institutionalization and Practices of the“Rights to Tourist Attractions”(RTA)in“Azheke Plan”:A Fieldstudy of Tourism Development and Poverty Reduction

国内有关"旅游吸引物权"的研究大多止步于理论探讨,而旅游地却存在大量旅游吸引物权益缺失的发展困境。文章尝试将"旅游吸引物权"学术概念进行落地运用,通过一场持续3年的旅游减贫试验,探索出旅游吸引物权在中国制度情境下的制度化路径,解析其实践效应。研究发现:(1)旅游吸引物权的产权建构需要首先从结构层面建立兼顾分配和资源保护意义的制度规则体系,制度规则背后的核心运行逻辑是经济利益调节。(2)制度结构建立后,再从能力与文化层面建构多方主体对旅游吸引物权表达与实践的理解和认知,重点是在认知范畴上建立产权共识。(3)旅游吸引物权建构所需的制度、能力与文化培育可由多方外部主体援助完成,但援助的目的是催发原住民的主体性。发展乡村旅游不一定需要大资本进驻,地方政府的政策支持、适量的资金投入、产权建构的技术援助,足以带动原住民参与旅游发展。其中,地方政府作为土地产权的决定性主体,对旅游吸引物权的理解、授权与支持是开展产权建构的根基性条件。需要指出的是,文章的旅游吸引物权建构是对各个构成物要素凝结的共有性、整体性旅游吸引价值的产权关系进行系统表达,本质上是不改变现有构成物的"名义产权"制度,利用制度多元逻辑引导多方主体改变产权认知观念与结构,在认知范畴上建立关于新增的旅游吸引价值的"事实产权"。

While many research have discussed“rights to tourist attractions”(RTA)from the theoretical perspective,tourism development practices in destinations have largely overlooked this issue.The present study applies the RTA in“Azheke Plan”,a three-year-long social trial of tourism development and poverty reduction in China.It aims to explore the institutionalization path of RTA in China’s political system and to analyze its practices in the real-world tourism development.Three key findings can be summarized from this study.First,institutionalization of the rights to tourist attractions should start with structural regulations and policies that take into account both distribution of monetary benefits and resource conservation.Monetary benefits serve as the key of structural regulations and policies.Second,once structural regulations and policies about RTA is established,stakeholders’understandings of RTA should be developed from perspectives of capabilities and culture.Efforts should be made to cultivate consensus among stakeholders towards RTA.Third,establishment of structural regulations and policies about RTA can be supported by external parties,but such support has to respect and follow local residents’initiatives.It is not necessary for rural destinations to attract large financial capitals for rural tourism development.Supports from local government on policy,finance and human resource can be adequate to establish regulations about RTA and engage local people in rural tourism development.In this process,as the authority in charge of land use,local government’s understandings,authorizations and support of rights to tourist attractions,serve the foundation of institutionalizing RTA.It is worth noting that institutionalization of RTA in the present study does not change the current system of property rights.Instead,it brings up a new perspective of property rights and develops understandings of rights to tourist attractions among stakeholders,accordingly.