清承明制与清初三法司审判权格局的变迁

Creatively Inheriting Ming’s Practice: Changes Taking Place in Tripartite Jurisdiction of Early Qing

学界认为清朝刑部"部权特重"的三法司权力格局是顺治之后形成的现象。本文证明"部权特重"在顺治时期就已经形成。在明朝三法司中,"部权特重"的现象就已出现。清朝在学习明制过程中,进一步加重了刑部权力。顺治元年到三年,刑部垄断了京师现审案件的审判和直省重罪案件的复核,其审判权达到巅峰,而且此后刑部对非死罪案件的审判权没有发生太大变化。自顺治四年起,三法司开始核拟直省死罪案件。顺治十二年,三法司核拟京师和直省死罪案件的程序基本确定。至此,在审判权上,清朝三法司中刑部"部权特重"的格局基本定型。三法司审判权的变化表明,清朝统治者在学习明制的过程中,充分发挥了他们的主体性。

Contradicting the past scholarship,the present paper’s conclusion is that as early as the Shunzhi reign(1644—1661) the Board of Punishment(Xingbu) had predominated in the tripartite jurisdiction.At the beginning of Shunzhi reign,Xingbu almost monopolized jurisdiction.Finally in the late Shunzhi reign,the procedure in which Xingbu and other two leading judicial organs collaboratively worked on major cases was established.These changes indicated that Qing,independently and creatively,studied Ming’s juridical practice.