纳米材料模拟酶应用进展

Progress in application of nanomaterials mimic enzymes

天然酶是人体活细胞产生的微量蛋白质,正是由于酶的存在,生物体的日常运行才能有序进行。目前,酶在生物医药、催化和检测等领域有着广泛的应用。然而天然酶存在易失活、稳定性差、合成困难、纯化复杂、价格昂贵等缺点,阻碍了其大规模应用。近几十年来,纳米材料模拟酶作为新一代人工酶,由于其稳定性高和重复性好等优点,逐渐成为天然酶的替代品。纳米材料模拟酶在许多领域发挥着重要作用,本文重点介绍了纳米材料模拟酶在电化学传感领域检测O_(2)^(·-)和丹参酸,还可以检测谷胱甘肽、葡萄糖、胆固醇以及H_(2)O_(2)等生物小分子,在环境污染防治领域中能够有效检测重金属盐类和农药的含量,纳米模拟酶还能够通过检测特定序列的DNA对癌症、病毒感染等疾病做出提前预防。今后的重点研究方向将聚焦在纳米模拟酶之间的偶联、反应机理研究、优化酶反应环境和解决底物选择性等方面。

Natural enzymes are trace proteins produced by living cells in human body.It is precisely because of the existence of enzyme that the daily operation of organisms can be carried out orderly.At present,enzymes are used in many fields such as biomedicine,catalysis and detection.However,natural enzymes have many disadvantages,such as easy inactivation,poor stability,difficult synthesis,complex purification and high price,which hinder the large-scale application.In the past decades,as a new generation of artificial enzymes,nanomaterials mimic enzymes has gradually become a substitute for natural enzyme due to their high stability and good repeatability.Nanomaterial mimetic enzymes play an important role in many fields.The application of nanomaterial mimetic enzymes in the detection of O_(2)^(·-) and salvianolic acid in the field of electrochemical sensing was focused on in this paper,as well as in the detection of small biological molecules such as glutathione,glucose,cholesterol and H_(2)O_(2),which can effectively detect the content of heavy metal salts and pesticides in the field of environmental pollution prevention and control,nanomaterials mimic enzymes can also prevent cancer,virus infection and other diseases by detecting specific sequences of DNA.Finally,it was expected that the future research of nanomaterials mimic enzymes will focus on the coupling between nanomaterials mimic enzymes,reaction mechanism,optimization of enzyme reaction environment and substrate selectivity,which will be the key research direction in the future.