平地起蓬瀛,城市而林壑——清代北京城市园林化营建研究

Gardens in City——Study on the Construction of Gardens in Beijing in Qing Dynasty

受到传统生态思想和自然审美观的影响,中国古代注重城市建设与园林的统筹发展,与古代西方城市有着本质的不同。以清代北京城为例,系统论述以皇家园林为建设重点的园林化营建过程。首先,分析北京的自然条件及清代北京城的营建基础;其次,利用相关文本和图像资料,梳理北京以水系整治为先导,围绕紫禁城由内向外分为内廷宫苑、皇城御苑、西北郊离宫和行宫群落的4个层次,发现园林化建设以皇家园林为重点,延伸至大小私园及寺庙园林、水陆交通沿线等;最后,分析清代北京园林化城市的特点,说明兼具民生、景观与生态的山水园林城市建设理念是中国古代城市建设的优秀传统,以期为当代公园城市建设提供参考。

Influenced by traditional ecological thoughts and natural aesthetics, ancient China paid attention to the coordinated development of urban construction and gardens, which is essentially different from ancient Western cities. Taking Beijing City in Qing Dynasty as an example, this paper systematically discusses the process of garden construction in Beijing. Firstly, it analyzes the natural environment of Beijing and the construction basis of Beijing in Qing Dynasty;secondly, using relevant text and image data, this paper sorts out the process of landscaping construction in Beijing,which is guided by water conservancy projects and around the Forbidden City, and is divided into four levels from inside to outside:garden in the Forbidden City, garden in the Imperial City, garden in the northwest suburbs and palace communities. The landscaping construction focuses on royal gardens, extending to large and small private gardens, temple gardens, water and land transportation lines;and thirdly, it analyzes the characteristics of Beijing in Qing Dynasty. This article shows that the concept of landscape garden city construction with people’s livelihood, landscape and ecology is an excellent tradition of urban construction in ancient China. It can provide reference for contemporary park city construction.