鄂西南土家族乡土景观营法探析

An Exploration of Tujia Nationality Vernacular Landscape Construction in the Southwest of Hubei

面对大自然塑造的不同地理空间单元,人类为获得生存的话语权,不断探索出应对自然环境的适应性生存智慧,营造出各具特色的乡土场景。从营造的角度,首先界定乡土景观营法,分析其内涵与策略,以鄂西南土家族为例,探索在万山稠叠、坡多地少的自然条件下乡民创设出的满足自身生存所需的生态、生产和生活空间的乡土景观营造方法,分述了地法、农法、水法、居法、匠法、礼法的具体措施、营建智慧和相关经验,总结其价值所在,以期让人们重新审视乡土景观营法,留住乡土景观营造之本,指导当前乡土建设,固守鄂西南土家族乡土特色。

People who wanted to gain the right for living when they faced with the different natural geographic spatial units continuously explored adaptive survival wisdom to adjust natural habitat, and then unique vernacular landscape occurred. From the perspective of construction, firstly the definition of vernacular architecture,its connotation and strategies are proposed. Then taking Tujia southwest Hubei as an example, the paper explores how villagers can construct a vernacular landscape that meets their ecologicalproduction-living space under densely-stacked mountains with more slopes and sparse flatland, also analyzes the measures, wisdom and experience which can cope with the land, agriculture, water, human settlement, independent construction and interpersonal context,and lastly summarizes vernacular architecture’s value. It is hoped that people will re-examine vernacular architecture, retain the foundation of vernacular architecture, provide reference for current vernacular construction, and maintain local characteristics of Tujia in the southwest of Hubei.