德国疗养地(Kurort)与疗养公园(Kurpark):形成、发展、空间模式与景观设计特点

German Health Resort(Kurort) and Spa Park(Kurpark): The Formation, Evolvement, Space Pattern and Landscape Design Feature

德国疗养地具有典型性的公共绿地类型:疗养公园(德文:Kurpark;英文:spapark),从德国疗养地的历史出发,对疗养地与疗养公园的形成和发展阶段进行论述。选择德国40处疗养地的疗养公园作为研究对象,结合地图与文献资料,通过应用制图方法和数据分析方法就公园与城镇、公园与疗养功能建筑的空间关系分别进行分析并归纳总结其特征,公园-城镇空间共有3种模式即城镇边界型、城镇内部型与城镇近郊型,以边界型最常见;公园-疗养建筑的空间模式以建筑分布于公园外侧为主,建筑按照功能可细分为医疗类、娱乐休憩类与住宿类。采用案例分析法,以典型的克奈普疗养地——巴特沃利斯霍芬的疗养公园为例,探讨其景观设计要点,包括重视自然要素、步行空间体系建设、植物专类园设计及疗愈设施建设。最后总结德国疗养公园的建设经验对于当前中国小城镇建设及"康养小镇"在规划设计方面具有的借鉴意义。

This paper introduces the spa park(Kurpark), a representative type of public green space in the German health resorts(Kurort). Based on the history of German spas and health resorts, the formation and evolvement phases of the health resort and the spa park are addressed. A range of spa parks in 40 health resorts in Germany are selected as research object, and through implementing a comprehensive method of mapping and statistical analysis using maps and literature documents, the article stresses the space pattern of health resort town-spa park and spa park-health resort building. Three types of town-park pattern are concluded as margin type, which is most common of all, interior type and suburb type. Park-building pattern suggests therapeutic function buildings are mainly located on the margin of spa parks, and buildings can be classified as medical, recreational and accommodation. It further discusses by applying the case study method, the landscape design features, taking Bad W?rishofen Kurpark as an example, which can be concluded into highlight on nature elements, construction of walking space system, design of plant themed garden and therapeutic function facility. In conclusion the experience of German spa park should be suggested as reference for current development of small towns, in particular the planning of health town in China.