离子型稀土矿山生态保护修复思路与实践——以赣江流域为例

Ideas and Practice of the Ecological Protection and Restoration of Ionic-type Rare Earth Mine:Taking Ganjiang River Basin as an Example

党的十九大报告提出统筹山水林田湖草系统治理,对我国开展生态文明建设提出了新要求。矿山作为“山水林田湖草”中的重要元素之一,其生态环境质量直接影响山上山下、乃至流域上下游的生境质量。在不同类型的矿山中,稀土矿山由于稀土富存、稀有且产品价值高,是我国重要的战略资源集中地。其中,离子型稀土矿富含我国独有的中重稀土资源,被列为国家保护性开采的特定矿种。但是,由于保护性开采相关制度滞后、无序开采及离子型稀土矿山开采工艺、冶炼技术等特殊性,导致矿山生态环境破坏严重,生态修复治理难度较大。因此在系统梳理离子型稀土矿开采工艺技术及由此产生的环境问题基础上,总结不同修复技术的特点及适用范围,提出面向流域的离子型稀土矿山生态保护修复的思路与建议。以赣江流域为例,总结赣江流域离子型稀土矿山生态保护修复的实践经验,为中国实施基于流域的矿山生态保护修复提供借鉴。

The 19th Party Congress proposed to coordinate the systematic management of the mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands,which put forward new requirements for China to carry out the construction of ecological civilization.As one of the important elements in"mountains-rivers-farmlands-fields-lakes-grasslands",the ecological environment quality of mines directly affects the habitat quality of the upper and lower mountains,and even the upstream and downstream of river basin.Among different types of mines,rare earth mines are important strategic resource concentration area in China due to their abundance,scarcity and high product value.The ionic rare earth mine is rich in China’s medium and heavy rare earth resources,is listed as a specific mineral for national protective mining.However,due to the lag of relevant protective mining system,disordered mining,and the particularity of the mining technology and smelting technology of ionic rare earth mines,the mine ecological environment is serious,and the ecological restoration and management are difficult.Based on the systematic review of the mining technology of ionic rare earth mines and the resulting environmental problems,this study summarized the characteristics and application scope of different remediation technologies,and put forward ideas and suggestions for ecological protection and restoration of ionic-type rare earth mine oriented to the river basin.Taking the Ganjiang river basin as an example,this paper summarized the practical experience of ecological protection and restoration of ionic-type rare earth mine in the Ganjiang river basin,so as to provide reference for implementing watershed-based mine ecological protection and restoration in China.