能力评价四层次模型的构建

Construction of a four-level model for ability assessment

立德树人、全面发展的教育实践,需要实现多方面的教育目标,但对这些目标的界定常常出于经验积累和直觉反思,缺乏科学基础。基于心理学关注人类行为的本质特点,认为教育目标本质上指向能力培养,即发展和形成能够解决特定问题的特定行为。依此视角,知识技能、情感态度和品德素养等目标虽面向不同问题领域,但均基于人类的认知能力,属于一般意义上的能力范畴,应该也可以用统一的方法去评价。通过修订布鲁姆教育目标分类体系,尝试构建一个包含复制、理解、运用和创造4个层次的新模型,为能力评价提供简明易用、广泛适用的统一标准。

The educational practice of ″Foster Virtue and Develop People″ and comprehensive development requires the realization of various educational goals, but the definition of these goals is often based on accumulation of experience and intuitive reflection, lacking scientific foundation. Based on the essential characteristics of psychology′s focusing on human behavior, this article proposes that educational goals in essence point to ability training, or the training of specific behavior that can achieve specific problem-solving. Therefore, although the goals of knowledge, skills, emotional attitudes and morality are oriented to different problem domains, they are all based on human cognitive ability and belong to the general category of ability, and can be and should be assessed in the same way. By revising Bloom′s taxonomy of educational goals, this article attempts to construct a new model that depicts ability in four levels, namely, Reproduce, Understand, Apply, and Create, which provides a concise, easy-to-use, and widely applicable general standard for ability assessment.