有机肥和化肥配施对不同熟期大白菜土壤生物特性及产量品质的影响

Effects of combined organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer application on soil biological characteristics,yield,and quality of Chinese cabbage with different maturity periods

以早熟和晚熟品种大白菜为试材,根据化肥氮(尿素)、有机肥氮(生物有机肥)配施比例设置4个施肥处理,测定不同施肥处理下不同熟期大白菜土壤酶活性、可培养微生物数量及产量、品质的变化特征。结果表明:早熟品种‘德高16’大白菜莲座期和结球紧实期均以配施1/2生物有机肥(T_(2))处理的土壤蔗糖酶、土壤脲酶、土壤过氧化氢酶活性较强,土壤有机质含量较高,土壤可培养微生物数量较多;晚熟品种‘青华76’大白菜莲座期也以T_(2)处理表现好,结球紧实期却以配施1/4生物有机肥(T_(1))处理的土壤酶活性、有机质含量以及土壤细菌、放线菌和可培养微生物总量显著高于其他配施处理和CK;早熟品种‘德高16’大白菜T_(2)处理产量较高,较单施化肥提高10.0%,晚熟品种‘青华76’大白菜T_(1)处理表现较好,产量较单施化肥高8.9%;T_(1)和T_(2)处理均可显著提高两个品种大白菜的可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和维生素C的含量,降低粗纤维和硝酸盐含量。可见,化肥减量配施适宜比例的生物有机肥可以有效调控土壤可培养微生物数量和群落结构,提高土壤酶活性,从而促进植株生长,提高大白菜产量,改善品质,其中早熟品种‘德高16’大白菜以配施1/2生物有机肥、晚熟品种‘青华76’大白菜以配施1/4生物有机肥效果最佳。

We examined the changes in soil enzyme activities and cultivable microorganisms,as well as yield and quality of Chinese cabbage with different maturity periods(early maturing and late maturing)under four fertilization treatments with different proportions of chemical fertilizer nitrogen(urea)and organic fertilizer nitrogen(organic manure).The results showed that,for the early-maturing variety‘Degao 16’,combined application of 1/2 organic manure and inorganic fertilizer(T_(2))had higher activities of invertase,urease,and catalase,higher soil organic matter content,and more soil cultivable microorganisms at both the rosette stage and head-tightening stage.The late-maturing variety‘Qinghua 76’performed well with T2 treatment at the rosette stage.At the head-tightening stage,‘Qinghua 76’under combined application of 1/4 organic manure and inorganic fertilizer(T_(1))had higher soil enzyme activity,organic matter content and the total amount of soil cultivable bacteria,actinomycetes and cultivable microorganisms than other treatments and CK.Meanwhile,the early-maturing variety‘Degao 16’under T_(2) treatment had 10.0%more yield than under single chemical fertilizer application.The late-maturing variety‘Qinghua 76’under T_(2) treatment performed better,with an 8.9%enhancement of yield as compared to the treatment with chemical fertilizer alone.Treatments T_(1) and T_(2) significantly increased the contents of soluble protein,soluble sugar,and vitamin C in Chinese cabbage,and reduced the contents of crude fiber and nitrate.Therefore,reducing the application of chemical fertilizers but applying bio-organic fertilizers at an appropriate ratio regulated the quantity and community structure of soil microorganisms,increased soil enzyme activity,and promoted plant growth,thereby enhancing Chinese cabbage yield and quality.The early-maturing variety‘Degao 16’Chinese cabbage combined with 1/2 bio-organic fertilizer and the late-maturing variety‘Qinghua 76’combined with 1/4 bio-organic fertilizer had the best performance.