物流冷链产品公共安全的法律责任归属分析——以冷链产品携带新型冠状病毒为例

Analysis on the Legal Responsibility for Public Safety of Logistics Cold Chain Products——A Case Study of Cold Chain Products Carrying COVID-19

2020年下半年中国多地出现冷链相关新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情,冷链防疫生物安全工作的重要性日益凸显。冷链运输涉及多方且冷链产品携带病毒会引发一系列的法律责任,目前这些法律责任的司法实践处于“真空状态”。本研究旨在明确冷链运输主体的法律责任并分析法律责任的归属问题。根据冷链运输路径可知相关责任主体分别为出口企业、出口国海关、产品承运人、中国海关和中国企业;出口企业要保证出口的冷链产品检疫合格;出口国海关要承担对冷链产品的监管义务;产品承运人要保证其承运的冷链产品在其承运期间不受新型冠状病毒的污染;中国海关要保证可以通关的冷链产品是安全的;中国与冷链产品相关的所有企业要保证在中国范围内做好防疫措施。冷链产品内包装中发现新型冠状病毒的责任归属直接指向出口企业,而外包装发现新型冠状病毒的责任归属则复杂得多,以中国海关为分界线,通关阶段发现冷链产品携带新型冠状病毒说明感染时间点在海外,根据出口企业、出口国海关以及承运人是否尽到防疫责任来分析责任归属,而通关后进入中国的冷链产品再发现新型冠状病毒,则根据中国冷链产品追溯平台来确定出现防疫漏洞的企业,以此明确责任归属。针对如何追究冷链产品携带新型冠状病毒的法律责任,本研究提出统一国内的检疫标准,建立严格监管体制;扩大并完善冷链产品追溯平台等对策建议。同时,面对类似情况的国际物流,提出将冷链产品法律责任归属的分析适用于国际物流的期待。

In the second half of 2020,cold-chain-related COVID-19 outbreaks occurred in many parts of China,and the importance of cold-chain epidemic prevention is becoming increasingly prominent.Cold chain transportation involves many parties and cold chain prod⁃ucts carrying viruses will lead to a series of legal responsibilities,which are in a"vacuum state"at present.This study aims to clarify the legal liability of the cold chain transport subject and analyze the attribution of legal liability.According to the cold chain transportation route,the relevant responsibility subjects are export enterprises,customs of the exporting country,carrier,Chinese customs and Chinese enterprises.Export enterprises should ensure that their exported cold chain products are qualified in quarantine;The customs of the export⁃ing country should assume the supervision obligation of cold chain products;The carrier shall ensure that the cold chain products it is car⁃rying are free from Novel coronavirus contamination during the period of its transport;China's customs should ensure that the cold-chain products that can be cleared through customs are safe;All Chinese enterprises related to cold chain products should ensure that they take preventive measures within China.The responsibility of novel coronavirus found in the inner packaging of cold chain products directly points to the export enterprise,while the responsibility of novel coronavirus found in the outer packaging is much more complicated.Tak⁃ing Chinese customs as the dividing line,the discovery of novel coronavirus in cold chain products during customs clearance indicates that the time of infection is overseas.The attribution of responsibility is analyzed according to whether the export enterprise,the customs of the exporting country and the carrier have fulfilled the epidemic prevention responsibility.If novel coronavirus is found in the cold chain prod⁃ucts entering China after customs clearance,the enterprises with epidemic prevention loopholes will be determined according to the cold chain product traceability platform of China,so as to clarify the attribution of responsibility.In order to investigate the legal responsibility of cold chain products carrying novel coronavirus,it is proposed to unify the domestic quarantine standards and establish a strict supervi⁃sion system.At the same time,facing the similar situation of international logistics,it is expected that the analysis of the attribution of legal liability of cold chain products can be applied to international logistics.