农村集体经济组织成员的资格要件——基于公有制下生产、生活资料公平分配的视角

Key Requirements of Qualification for Membership of Rural Collective Economic Organizations:From the Perspective of Fair Distribution of Production and Living Materials Under the Public Ownership System

目前学界对农村集体经济组织成员资格要件的界定,忽视了我国宪法区分生产资料和生活资料的目的。计划经济时代下的城乡二元结构体制,将"户籍"作为成员资格要件具有合理性,但在实行城乡一体化和乡村振兴的大背景下,依然以"户籍"作为成员资格要件已不合时宜。为平衡进城农民和留在农村的农民之间的利益冲突,应当将"户籍"从资格要件中剥离,并根据土地用途的不同,分别确定宅基地使用权人的资格要件和承包经营权人的资格要件。承包地是生产资料,是农民维持生存和获得收入的物质基础,因此,"农业生产+唯一性+姻亲血缘联系"是承包经营权人资格不可或缺的要件。宅基地是交给农户长期使用而后人可以继承的生活资料,不存在剥削的可能性,因此,对已有宅基地享有使用权的人就只能是作为原宅基地使用权人的家庭或其成员后人所在家庭;有资格向集体经济组织新申请宅基地使用权的人则应具备"曾具有土地承包经营资格+一户一宅"两个要件。

The current definition of the key requirements of the qualification for membership of rural collective economic organizations made by the academia ignores the purpose of the China’s Constitution to distinguish the means of production and the means of living.Under the urban-rural dualistic structure system in the era of planned economy,it was rational to take“household registration”as a key requirement of membership qualification.However,it is ill-timed under the background of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization.To balance the conflict of interest among farmers who enter the city and those who remain in the countryside,we should remove“household registration”from the list of key requirements of membership qualification,and the qualifications for the homestead usufructuary rights and farmland contract management rights should be determined according to the different usage of land.Contracted farmland is one kind of production means as well as the material basis for farmers to survive and earn income.Therefore,“agricultural production+one-alternativeness+kinship connection”should be an indispensable requirement of the qualification of operational right contractors.There is no possibility of exploitation because the homestead is a means of subsistence that is given to farmers for long-term use and can be inherited by later generations.Therefore,those who enjoy the homestead land use right can only be persons from the family of the original homestead land use right owner or the family of his or her descendants.Those who are qualified to apply new homestead land use right from the collective economic organizations should meet two requirements:once having land contracting qualification and one homestead for one family.