北京地区出土墓券与券台特点研究

A Study on the Characteristics of the Tomb Ownership Certificates and the Sacrificial Altars Excavated in Beijing Area

墓券信仰自东汉时期从洛阳地区发生并向周边扩散传播。魏晋以后,不仅中原地区,甚至西北、西南、江南、岭南地区都受到了影响。北宋政府曾官方刊行过《地理新书》,其中明确了从皇帝、官员,到百姓葬仪中墓券使用的具体规则。直到近代,福建等地仍存在使用墓券的习俗。但北京地区从东汉至辽代之前一直不曾发现与此有关的任何文献记载和地下考古发现,直到辽代开始出现墓券,元代开始出现券台。搜罗北京地区已发表的有关52方墓券(含51方买地券与1方镇墓文)与30座券台的资料,并对其特点进行初步归纳分析,以期对北京及周边地区的丧葬文化、宗教信仰以及历史研究有所助益。

Belief in the Tomb Ownership Certificate originated in Luoyang and spread to the surrounding areas since Eastern Han Dynasty. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, it had influence not only in the Central Plain area, but also in areas of the northwest, southwest, the south of Yangtze River, and the south of Five Ridges. The Government of Northern Song Dynasty specified the detail rules to use the Tomb Ownership Certificate in New Geography Book, the officially published book, for the emperors, the officials, and even the common people. And the Tomb Ownership Certificate is still in use in Fujian and other places in modern times. However, no documents or archaeological discoveries related between Eastern Han Dynasty and Liao Dynasty were reported in Beijing. The Tomb Ownership Certificate started to be used in Liao Dynasty and the altar in Yuan Dynasty in Beijing. A preliminary analysis to the characteristics was conducted in this paper based on the published materials concerning the 52 Tomb Ownership Certificates(including 51 ground certificates and 1 gravestone epitaphs) and 30 altars in Beijing, in hope to provide helpful data for research on the funeral culture, religious beliefs and history in Beijing and its surrounding areas.