汉代长安的神圣化与大众信仰

Sanctifi cation of Chang’an and Popular Beliefs in the Han Dynasty

两汉之际诸政权有关长安,尤其是位于其间的汉家宗庙的种种言论与举措,无不透示出时人对长安神圣性的默识心通。西汉末"行西王母诏筹"运动中民众会聚至京师,原因在于长安所承载的千秋万岁、长乐未央之神圣寓意,恰好契合了此次运动避灾求长生的宗教诉求。随着西汉时期神灵祭祀不断向长安聚拢,长安的神圣性日趋强烈,影响渐及大众信仰与社会记忆。东汉中后期兴起的宗教性随葬文书中,以长安作为对应于"死乡"泰山的生之归宿,其历史背景和思想渊源亦在于此。政治文化、大众信仰、社会记忆三重维度下的"神都"长安交相辉映,共同投射出长安神圣性被塑造和接受的历史情境。

At the turn of the Western and Eastern Han, regimes’ rhetorics and behaviours concerning Chang’an, especially ancestral temples there, suggested a tacit understanding of the sacredness of Chang’an. In the movement of "Sacrifice to the Queen Mother of the West" during the late Western Han, people gathered in capital Chang’an due to the sacredness it carried, namely longevity and everlasting happiness, which is consistent with the religious aspiration to avoid disaster and seek immortality. As Chang’an gradually grew into a hub of divine worship and sacrifi ce in Western Han, the city was further divine, exerting profound infl uence on popular beliefs and social memories. This can historically and ideologically explain why Chang’an was regarded as "the home of immortals" in religious funerary texts emerging in the middle and later Eastern Han period, running parallel to Mount Tai as "the home of the dead". Political cultures, popular beliefs and social memories combined in the historical narrative about Chang’an, showed how the divinity of the city was fostered and accepted by the public.