基于信息技术的共同生产:作用、影响因素和挑战

Understanding Co-production Driven by Information and Communication Technologies:Impacts,Determinants,and Challenges

信息技术已日益成为公众共同生产公共服务的核心要素之一,但信息技术塑造了哪些新型共同生产,并对其公共价值带来何种影响,现有的研究对此尚未予以系统性的解答。论文通过文献综述回顾了基于信息技术的共同生产的有关文献,整理归纳了目前的研究现状,并分析了未来潜在的研究方向。研究发现,不同种类的信息技术已经被用于促进公众参与共同生产,从而形成了“公众众包”“以政府为平台”和“自动化共同生产”等共同生产的新模式。但围绕信息技术如何影响共同生产的公共价值这一问题,现有的文献还存在明显的争议。许多研究都认可了信息技术具有提高共同生产效率和效益、激活公众参与和赋权,并促进共同生产的包容性和代表性的潜力;但也有研究对这些观点提供了相反的证据。这种矛盾揭示了能否有效使用信息技术来促进共同生产并创造公共价值,不仅取决于技术和数据因素的影响,同样也是组织和公众因素共同作用的结果。但目前对这些因素及其相关关系的系统性实证研究仍然有限。因此,未来的研究可以比较在各类信息技术推动下共同生产的多样化运作过程,并评估这些信息技术带来的实际影响;尤其聚焦于我国数字治理的具体情境,深入探究影响这些基于信息技术的共同生产的关键因素,从而推动相关领域的理论发展。

The use of ICTs has increasingly become a central part of public service co-productions with citizens.However,the new types of co-production shaped by ICTs and their impacts on public value creation are less explored in the extant studies.This literature review presents the main issues addressed in current studies regarding co-production with ICTs and identifies potential directions for future research.A variety of ICTs are used to enable citizens'direct contributions in the co-production of public services.These new co-production models include Citizen-Sourcing,Government-as-Platform,and Automatic Co-production.Nevertheless,apparent contradictions still exist about ICTs impact the public value of co-production.Some scholars suggest ICTs have the potential to increase efficiency and effectiveness,participation,empowerment,and inclusiveness.Others offer opposite evidence.These contradictions reveal the use of ICTs in co-production goes beyond a single technological matter and is influenced by technological,data,organizational,and citizen factors.Yet,empirical studies that specifically and systematically address complex patterns of those determinants or barriers are still limited.Future research is needed on the processes of co-production driven by different ICTs.Researchers must also evaluate the actual impacts of those ICTs and determinants to better use ICTs in the co-production of public services,especially in the context of digital governance in China.