南宋太学石刻像与文翁图渊源考释

Textual Exploration and Interpretation of Stone Carving Portraits of Taixue in Southern Song Dynasty and Pictures of Wenweng Temple

顾沅《吴郡名贤图传赞》部分图像袭用了《圣庙祀典图考》中的图像,《圣庙祀典图考》图像主要源于南宋太学石刻,而南宋太学石刻粉本在明清时期有源自李公麟画与“本之文翁图”两种说法。西汉时,文翁在蜀郡办学堂、兴教化。文翁学堂重“像教”,庙学合一,对后世官学的创办具有典范作用。文翁礼殿孔子弟子像,历代蜀官不断修缮、重刻、维护,同样影响较大。宋高宗时为推行道统而建太学、刻孔子弟子像时,文翁图尚存,多有摹绘本,宋高宗有获得摹绘本的可能。从图像渊源上来看,文翁图也是当时较佳的粉本选择。南宋太学石刻风格古朴,与宋摹《列女传图》笔法相像,与文翁礼殿图、文翁讲学图也具共性。因此,乾嘉学者秦瀛南宋太学石刻像“本之文翁图”之论,可备一说。

Some of the images in Gu Yuan's Wujun Mingxian Tu Zhuan Zan are copied from his Shengmiao Sidian Tu Kao,which are mainly derived from the stone carvings of imperial school in the Southern Song Dynasty.In Ming and Qing Dynasties,the facsimile of stone carvings of Taixue in Southern Song Dynasty was considered to have two sources,one from Li Gonglin’s paintings and the other from of pictures of Wenweng Temple.In Western Han Dynasty,Wenweng ran schools and brought enlightenment in Shu area.Wenweng School attached importance to“xiangjiao”,taking the temple as the school,which set an example for the founding of exclusive schools in late generations.The portraits of Confucius and his disciples in Wenweng Temple repaired,re-carved,and preserved by Shu officials through the ages had great influence.Pictures of Wenweng Temple were still preserved when Emperor Gaozong of Song Dynasty established Taixue and portrayed Confucius and his disciples.There were many stencils so it was quite possible for Emperor Gaozong of Song Dynasty to get these stencils.It was a good choice that pictures of Wenweng Temple were taken as the facsimiles in terms of the source of these pictures.The style of the stone carvings of Taixue in Southern Song Dynasty was simple,similar to the brushwork of the copy of the Legend of Women in Song Dynasty,sharing commonality with the pictures of Wenweng Lidian and Wenweng’s lecturing.Therefore,the view that the stone carving portraits of Taixue in Southern Song Dynasty originated from pictures of Wenweng Temple put forward by Qin Ying,a scholar of Qing Dynasty,could be tentatively acceptable.