我国煤矿冲击地压防治现状与难题

Present situation and problems of coal mine rock burst prevention andcontrol in China

随着煤矿开采强度和深度的增加,冲击地压矿井数量和冲击危险程度显著增加,政府关注度不断上升,我国冲击地压防治研究取得了一系列重要进展,冲击地压矿井防治能力取得长足的进步,多数冲击地压矿井达到事故可控。基于冲击地压重要研究成果,全面地阐述了冲击地压领域在法规建设、发生机理、监测预警等方面研究进展与发展趋势,同时指明了未来冲击地压防治面临的难题。法规与标准方面,形成了《煤矿安全规程》和《防治煤矿冲击地压细则》为核心的法规体系,法规建设的具体化、标准化不断完善;冲击地压发生机理方面,形成了“三因素”理论、动静载叠加诱冲理论等多种机理共存的局面,从多角度叙述了冲击地压致灾过程,呈现多元化发展;冲击地压预测预报方面,形成了综合多因素、多系统、多前兆信息的复合预测预警体系,预警效率不断上升;冲击地压巷道支护方面,形成了三级支护理论体系,增强了巷道稳定性和抗动载扰动的能力;冲击地压限员管理方面,实现了智能化限员;冲击地压防治层面,形成了区域防范、局部解危相结合的冲击地压防治技术体系,灾害防控能力不断提升。当前我国建立了较为完善的冲击地压防治理论与技术体系,防治效果显著,但由于冲击地压的震动性、瞬时性、复杂性以及难预知性,还存在冲击地压与矿震关系不清、冲击危险预测方法难以定量、空间监测精度不足等问题亟待解决。

With the increase of mining depth and intensity of coal mining,the number of rock burst mines and risk degree of rock burst increase significantly in China.Due to more attention paid to rock burst hazard,a series of important progress has been made in the field of prevention and control of rock burst,and the rock burst related accidents can be controlled in most of the rock burst mines in China.Based on the valuable research achievements of rock burst,this paper presents a comprehensive overview of the research progress and development trends of rock burst in terms of regulation construction,occurrence mechanism,monitoring and early warning of rock burst,and identifies the challenges of rock burst prevention and control in the future.In terms of regulations and standards,a system of regulations centered on the Coal Mine Safety Regulations and Rules for Prevention and Control of Rock Bursts in Coal Mines has been formed.The regulations have been continuously improved towards their concretization and standardization.In terms of occurrence mechanism of rock burst,multiple mechanisms such as“three-factor”theory,dynamic and static combined load inducing rock burst theory coexist,which describe the disaster-causing process of rock burst from multiple perspectives,showing diversified development trend.In terms of the prediction and forecast of rock burst,a composite prediction and warning system,which integrates multiple factors,multiple systems and multiple precursor indexes,has been developed,and the warning efficiency has been improved continuously.In terms of roadway support of rock burst mines,the three-level supporting theory system has been established,which enhances the roadway stability and the ability of resistance to dynamic load disturbance.In terms of the management of personnel limit in rock burst mines,intelligent personnel limit has been realized.In terms of rock burst prevention and control,a technical system combining regional prevention and local disaster control has been derived,and the disaster prevention and control capacity has been continuously improved.At present,China has established a relatively sophisticated theory and technology system of rock burst prevention and control,and some remarkable prevention effects of rock burst has been achieved.However,due to the vibration,instantaneousness,complexity and unpredictability of rock burst,there are still some problems such as vague relationship between mine tremors and rock burst,uncertainty in the rock burst risk prediction methods,and low accuracy of the monitoring methods remains to be solved.