印度与不丹国家间“特殊关系”:过程、动因与影响

The“Special Relationship”between India and Bhutan:Process,Motivation and Influence

不丹是处于中国和印度之间的小国,囿于特殊的地理位置、历史背景、国家实力等因素,地缘政治较为脆弱。导致不丹地缘政治脆弱的重要原因是不丹受到与印度的国家间“特殊关系”的制约。不丹与印度的“特殊关系”在本质上是“保护与被保护”或“指导与被指导”的关系,并不是现代国家间独立、自主、平等的关系。然而,不丹对与印度的“特殊关系”有着自身的理解,不丹并不承认自身需要接受来自印度的“保护”和“指导”,不丹可以根据本国的意愿和利益来独立自主地走适合本国的发展道路。从20世纪70年代以来,不丹开始通过政治、经济、社会及文化等方面的改革,力图逐步降低对印度“特殊关系”的过度依赖,并尝试以构建“国民幸福总值”为核心走具有本国特色的发展道路。本文从理论及历史维度来讨论不丹与印度国家间“特殊关系”,本研究将对中国处理与不丹外交关系、中印边界冲突及南亚地区国家的关系具有参考价值。

Bhutan is a small state between China and India.Because of its special geographical location,historical background,national power and other factors,it is difficult for Bhutan to exert its geopolitical advantages.Therefore,its geopolitics is fragile considering the geopolitical environment.The main reason of the fragility of Bhutan's geopolitics is that Bhutan is restricted by the“special relationship”with India,which means Bhutan is under India's protection and guidance,not an independent,autonomous and equal relationship between modern nation-states.However,Bhutan has its own understanding to this“special relationship”with India.Bhutan does not accept that its domestic and foreign affairs need the“protection”and“guidance”from India,and Bhutan is able to independently instruct its domestic and foreign affairs according to its national will and interests.Since the 1970s,Bhutan started the reform in aspects of its politics,economy,society and culture,trying to gradually get rid of its excessive dependence on India's“special relationship”,this reform was supposed to help Bhutan find a path that is suitable for Bhutan's actual conditions and its development.This paper tries to discusses the“special relationship”between Bhutan and India from the theoretical and historical dimensions,which is informative for China to deal with the diplomatic relations with Bhutan,the border conflict between China and India and the China—South Asia relations.