既有住区宅间环境对老年人活动的影响研究——以大连为例

Research on Influences of Residential Environment on the Activities of the Elderly in China's Existing Residential Areas:A case Study based on Dalian

我国实施的大规模既有住区环境更新效果明显,但仍存在手法粗放单一的问题,特别是老年人群健康诉求尚需进一步回应。后疫情时期,既有住区宅间空间作用凸显,如何通过优化宅间环境设计,满足老年人日常活动,促进健康生活,已引起多方关注。研究从大连典型既有住区中筛选出18个宅间样本,对老年人群宅间评价及宅间活动偏好以及行为方式等内容,采用实地调查,结合模拟、行为标注、统计等工具方法进行分析归纳,探索宅间环境品质要素对老年人群活动类型、频率、时长的影响关系,并提出相关环境品质提升建议。

Dalian is an important coastal city in northeast China.There are 1.606 million persons above 60 years old in Dalian,accounting for 26.8%of its population.It is one of many cities faced with a serious aging situation in China.According to survey reports,the aging population accounts for approximately 1/3 of the residential areas in Dalian City.Recently,China paid much attention to improving the environmental quality of existing residential areas and proposed the“9073”care model to cope with the aging problem in Beijing.In other words,the needs of 97%of the elderly are met by residential environments and their service systems.After the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic,higher requirements have been proposed on health quality appropriate for the elderly in residential environments.Although large-scale residential environmental updating has achieved remarkable effects in various regions in China,it still has some shortcomings,such as single method,unsatisfactory quality,and insufficient responses to the health claims of the aged.In the postepidemic period,the residential spaces have had prominent effects.Further optimizing residential environments and meeting the health needs of the aged has attracted attention from various parties.In this study,Dalian City was chosen as the study area,and four of the most representative residential areas in four administrative districts in Dalian were chosen.Three residence types were summarized and screened by a typological method,and 18 residential types were further categorized.Residential evaluation,residential activity preferences,and behavioral modes of the aged were analyzed and summarized through a field survey combined with simulation,behavioral annotations,and statistical tools.Also,objective data of residential environmental quality elements were acquired through field observation and microclimate simulation.In this study,the relation between objective environmental elements and residential comprehensive evaluation was discovered through two stepwise regression models.Moreover,the influences of objective environmental elements on duration,frequency,and type of residential activities of the aged were further explored.Research results demonstrated the following:(1)Residential activities of the aged are constrained by different types of residential environments.Flat(valley)type residences are the most suitable for daily activities of the aged,followed by gentle-slope residences and steep-slope residences successively.(2)Improving rest chairs(0.502),sunshine(0.434),activity spaces(0.418),the greening rate(0.318),and acoustic environmental elements,and expanding the activity areas can improve residences of the aged significantly.The activity types of the elderly are influenced mainly by multidimensional environmental quality elements,including the residential space size,lighting facilities,barrier-free facilities,activity spaces,activity and leisure facilities,wind environment,and openness.Finally,some strategies and suggestions to optimize residential environmental spaces of existing residential areas are proposed based on the above research results:(1)Environmental quality should be transformed in accordance with constraints of different types of residential environmental conditions rather than uniform transformations.(2)In regions with a good superposing of sunshine and wind environments,the activity sites or walking roads for the aged should be arranged reasonably.The flat(valley)type of residential spaces should be divided appropriately to meet different activity demands.The gentle-slope type makes full use of common corners and regions along walls in residential spaces and creates a space with a strong sense of enclosure.Steep-slope residential spaces meet some spiritual demands of the aged by combining vertical wall greening with graffiti walls.Also,solar protection devices and wind-shielding devices in winter should be added.(3)At the management level,the interference of excessive openness of residential areas with residential activities must be avoided.In summary,this study aimed to provide useful references to improve environmental quality and renewal for the aged.