移民视角下西京古道乐昌段沿线聚落形态解析

Analysis of Traditional Settlement Forms along the Lechang Section of Xijing Acient Path from the Perspective of Immigration

西京古道是沟通岭南与中原的古代交通要道,也是民族民系迁徙、融合之路。西京古道乐昌段位于湘粤两省交界,沿线聚集了大量来自江西、湖南、福建的移民聚落。以西京古道乐昌段沿线的湘赣籍和福建籍移民聚落群作为研究对象,对其迁徙源地、路线、时段、迁移方式进行考察,并运用建筑类型学的方法分析移民聚落空间形态与民居形制,通过比较不同原籍的移民聚落形态差异,探讨移民在家园再造时受到的原乡文化影响以及在他乡产生形态变化的原因。结果显示,湘赣籍聚落在空间分布上形成了南北两个片区,北片区聚落形态与原居地湘南、赣中地区聚落相似度高,南片区和福建籍聚落形态接近且具有明显的客家风格特点。从而总结出移民聚落形态的形成机制不仅与移民迁徙历程有关,还包括迁出地、途经地文化的影响、对新居地环境的适应以及与周边族群的文化融合,并且反映在与方言文化现象上的同构关系。

The Xijing Ancient Path has been a vital transport path between the south of the Five Ridges and Central China since the Donghan Dynasty.It is a military route,official route,and trade route,and a route for national immigration and integration.The Lechang section of the Xijing Ancient Path is at the border between Hunan and Guangdong provinces.Regions along this section have formed many immigrant settlements from Jiangxi Province,Hunan Province,and Fujian Province in different historical periods,thus forming a large overlapping of settlement cultures.Studying the settlements along the Lechang section of the Xijing Ancient Path from the perspective of immigration helped to acquire a deep understanding on the interaction mechanism of local nations and the formation rules of settlements.In this study,immigrant settlement from Hunan,Jiangxi,and Fujian provinces along the Lechang section of the Xijing Ancient Path were chosen as research objects.Information and data were collected from chorography and field surveys.Statistics on the origin,route,time,and mode of immigration of 260 traditional settlements were collected.Immigrant settlements were pointed out using ArcGIS and Google Earth,and an overlaying analysis with digital elevation model data was done.It was found that immigrant settlements formed three zones in terms of spatial distribution,and they showed different location preferences.To compare the morphologies of immigrant settlements from different places,spatial forms,and residential building structures,the settlements were analyzed by architectural typology.In the northern zone,immigrant settlements from Hunan and Jiangxi provinces were mainly landscapes along rivers and close to mountains.Streets in those settlements present comblike patterns or vertical-horizontal lane combinations.Settlements along rivers have the spatial series of"wharf-square-gatehouse-vertical lanes".Immigrant settlements from Fujian,Hunan,and Jiangxi provinces in the southern zone are mainly landscape patterns close to mountains and around hills.Streets are mainly horizontal lanes,and there are spatial axes of"pond-square-gatehouseancestral temples".Immigrant settlements in the northern zone from Hunan and Jiangxi provinces are formed mainly by a courtyard system,and residents prefer longitudinal development connected by courtyards.Immigrant settlements from Fujian,Hunan,and Jiangxi provinces in the southern zone usually apply a terrace system with smaller basic units.Transverse expansion is the predominant form.By comparing research objects with typical settlements in places of emigration and stopover sites,it was found that settlement morphology in the northern zone is highly similar to that in the original settlements in south Hunan Province and central Jiangxi Province.Morphologies of settlements in the southern zone and settlements in Fujian Province are similar and have obvious Hakka styles.The influences of hometown cultures on immigrants’resettlement and causes of morphological changes at resettlements were discussed.It was concluded that the formation mechanism of immigrant settlement morphology is not only related to the origins of immigrants and to immigration paths but also is influenced by immigration time series and modes of immigration.Cultural heritage usually occurs in situations where the original environment or the environment during migration is similar to the environment at the destination.Therefore,settlements from Hunan and Jiangxi provinces in the northern zone adopted morphological characteristics of settlements in south Hunan Province and central Jiangxi Province.During their migration,emmigrants of Fujian Province stayed for a short period in Shaoguan and Heyuan in northern Guangdong Province.The organizational forms of horizontal lanes in settlements,as well as terraces in series and courtyards,are mainly inherited from the Hakka houses in northern Guangdong Province.When previous construction habits of immigrants conflict with practical conditions or when they learn from local residents who have more advanced construction methods,immigrants might be integrated with surrounding nationalities or improve the settlement morphologies through independent innovations,producing deviations.The dialect system is one characteristic that can distinguish nationality systems.Settlement morphology is the manifestation of nationality cultures at a material space level.Hence,there are isomorphic relations in dialect cultural phenomena.Immigrant settlements along the Lechang section of the Xijing Ancient Path reflect the inclusiveness and diversity of nationality cultures in China,and they have important research values.Comprehensive analysis of these immigrant settlements is conducive to protecting and retaining the heritage of rural historical and cultural characteristics and provides academic references for rural revitalization and sustainable development efforts.