动荡时代的都市空间愿景——“大昆明计划”历史回溯

Prospects of Metropolis Space in Wartime:Historical Tracing of“Plan of A Great Municipality in Kunming”

1937年抗战全面爆发后,昆明以其对外交通枢纽的地位成为了抗战大后方重镇。随着抗战西迁来的人口、工业、金融业与建筑业在短时间内涌入昆明,这些要素加快了昆明城市的近代化进程,推动了新城市规划的产生。1939年民国《都市计划法》颁布后,昆明市工务局局长丁基实提出了“大昆明”设想,同年年底该局技士沈长泰根据设想绘制了“大昆明市设计草图”。至此,昆明市的规划及营建开始以建设大昆明市为指导,昆明未来城市发展的方向及定位就此确立。1940年,《昆明市政府中心工作计划书》颁布,其工务部分指出了建设大昆明市的几项系统性任务;1941年,在时任昆明市工务局局长唐英的主持下制定了《昆明市三年建设计划纲要》并在其中列出了城建的具体事项,同年云南省政府颁布《昆明市建筑规则》,对昆明市建筑设计及营建活动进行规范要求。至此,“大昆明计划”的理论演变成熟,并于1942年起开始实施。本文主要通过爬梳史料对“大昆明计划”的时代背景、演变过程、演变特征及其关联性进行考察,以求在复现历史的基础上探求“大昆明计划”的历史意义及影响。最后,笔者认为“大昆明计划”对近现代昆明市的城市格局产生了深远的影响,其应被视为近代昆明城市规划与城市空间转型的标志,而其规划思想在当下昆明的城市规划中仍有体现。

China's Yunnan province has historically been a border area relative to Central China.Economic and urban construction in Yunnan lagged behind for an extended period compared to those in Central China.Kunming,Yunnan's capital city,entered into the modernization process after the Yunnan-Vietnam railway opened up in 1910.However,urban planning and construction activities focused on reconstructing old urban areas and expanding original roads before the outbreak of the Chinese People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression(the War of Resistance).After the comprehensive outbreak of the War of Resistance in 1937,Kunming became an important town in the rear area for its position as a hub to external traffic.Since then,the political identities of Yunnan and Kunming have improved.Residents,financial industries,and construction and other industries rushed into Kunming in a short period due to westward migration during the War of Resistance,which accelerated the urban modernization of Kunming.Moreover,the original urban layout and urban space could no longer adapt to development demands,and new urban planning was born.[Objective]At the present stage,the new plan of Kunming was used as a special case,and it has important significance in the planning history of Kunming and the modern planning history of China.Although the research paradigms for the modern urban planning history of China are relatively mature,and the research directions and objects are comprehensive,there remains a lack of systematic studies of the urban planning of Kunming during the War of Resistance.Also,relevant chorography and historical records have ambiguous records on the planning activities of Kunming in this period,leaving a historical gap.On this basis,the historical background,evolutionary process,and evolutionary characteristics and associations of the"Plan of a Great Municipality in Kunming"formulated during the War of Resistance were investigated to explore its historical significance and influences based on a reproduction of the history.To fill in this historical gap,a historical study was done with a literature review,assisted by the oral history of Shen An'bo,the descendent of Shen Changtai who participated in the formulation of the"Plan of a Great Municipality in Kunming".It was found that after the Government of the Republic of China issued the Urban Planning Act in 1939,the Department of Land Administration issued regulations that cities in rear areas had priority in the formulation of metropolis plans.As a response,Ding Jishi,the director of the Kunming Works Bureau,proposed the idea of"A Great Municipality in Kunming".At the end of 1939,Shen Changtai,a technician from the Kunming Works Bureau,drew the Design Draft of a Great Municipality in Kunming in accordance with this idea.Therefore,the planning and construction of Kunming City began to aim at the construction of"A Great Municipality in Kunming".The future urban development direction and orientation of Kunming were determined.In 1940,the Work Plan for Kunming Government Center was issued,in which several systematic industrial tasks of Kunming construction were regulated.In 1941,the three-year Construction Plan Outline of Kunming City was formulated under the leadership of Tang Ying,the director of Kunming Works Bureau at that time,in which specific tasks of urban construction were listed.In the same year,the government of Yunnan Province issued Kunming Building Regulations and proposed standardization requirements on building design and construction activities in Kunming City.The theory of the"Plan of a Great Municipality in Kunming"evolved to maturity and began to be implemented after 1942.Finally,it is believed that the"Plan of a Great Municipality in Kunming"had profound influences on the urban pattern of modern Kunming City and should be viewed as the symbol of modern urban planning and urban space transformation in Kunming City.The leading idea of the"Tianchi-Centered Development of Kunming City"proposed in 1939 is still reflected in the current urban plan of Kunming City.