基于需求满足的学生福利安全网构建

Building a Welfare Safety Net Based on Students’ Needs

学生福利是从个体需求而非供给角度出发的教育公平和社会福利政策的融合。在我国教育和福利事业发展进入新时代之际,研究学生福利有助于推动社会从学生的利益和视角出发整体性地考虑如何提供教育服务,促进人的全面发展。义务教育学生福利安全网建构中存在福利对象或需求内容遗漏问题。漏网现象主要表现为面向全体学生的政策止步于多数人需求的满足,优先级安排不当导致强者愈强,内容供给方面学生资助一枝独秀。福利对象识别和需求内容定义作为福利设计和服务的起点是福利漏网现象产生源头,受福利供给者对定义层级的考虑、福利对象的内在障碍以及学校功能发挥的影响。为完善新时代学生福利安全网,在对象瞄准方面要基于学生背景的多样性实施分级分类策略,服务内容综合化,服务方式兼顾强制、便利和可及,建设多层级专业队伍完善学校功能,以系统性思维建构福利安全网生态。

Student welfare indicates the integration of educational equity and social welfare policies from the perspective of individual demands rather than supply. In China,with the development of education and welfare in the new era,the study of student welfare helps to push forward society to consider how to provide educational services in the interest of students to promote the all-round development of people. In the welfare safety net for students receiving compulsory education,there is omission of intended welfare recipients or needs:The policy for all students merely meets the needs of the majority of students,the improper priority arrangement makes the advantaged group enjoy more welfare,and the supply of welfare is merely limited to the funding of students. The identification of welfare recipients and the definition of their demands,which are the starting point of welfare designing and service,and the cause of the omission of welfare,are affected by the welfare supplier’s consideration of the definition of the level of welfare needs,the inherent obstacles of welfare recipients,and the functions of the school. To improve the welfare safety net for students in the new era,we need to use hierarchical and classified strategies based on the diversified backgrounds of students,clarify integrated services and compulsory,convenient and accessible ways of service,organize multi-level professionals to improve school functions,and construct the ecology of the welfare safety net based on systematic thinking.