俄罗斯核能政策:能源转型与国家能源主权视角下的战略选择

Russian Nuclear Energy Policy:Strategic Choice in the Perspective of Energy Transition and National Energy Sovereignty

国际能源署于2020年9月发布报告称,在可持续发展情境下,保持低碳技术的多样化具有重要意义。核能是对风能、太阳能等可再生能源电力系统的有益补充,可大大提高能源转型的成本效益和能源安全性,为全球能源转型作出重要贡献。对于拥有丰富油气资源的俄罗斯来说,为实现强国梦,就必须摆脱“资源陷阱”的尴尬境地,其核心要义在于不依赖于能源出口,即实现充分的能源主权,这成为关乎其生存与发展的必然抉择。在全球能源转型叠加低油价周期的负面影响下,俄罗斯政府意识到其能源发展模式必须由“原料型”向“创新型”转变,在此过程中核能发展被寄予厚望,认为积极进取的核政策将有助于实现充分的国家能源主权目标。基于本国核工业体系完整而强大的国际竞争力,近年来俄罗斯积极参与核能发展领域的双边和多边合作,并通过一系列外交活动促进和维护自身的经济与地缘政治利益。当前,中俄都具有推进能源转型、实现绿色发展和在重塑世界政治经济格局中发挥更大作用的强烈意愿,中国在借鉴其经验做法的同时,应充分挖掘其中蕴含的机会,与俄方携手开拓第三方市场,推动建设公平公正、均衡普惠、开放共享的全球能源治理体系。

The International Energy Agency reported in September 2020 that in the context of sustainable development,it is important to maintain the diversity of lowcarbon technologies and that nuclear energy is a useful complement to renewable power systems such as wind and solar powers,which can significantly improve the cost-effectiveness and energy security and make an important contribution to the global energy transition.Russia,which is rich in oil and gas resources,must avoid the embarrassing situation of“resource trap”if it wants to realize its dream of becoming a strong country.The core lies in not relying on energy exports,i.e.,achieving full energy sovereignty,which has become an inevitable choice for its survival and development.Under the adverse impact of the global energy transition and the low oil price cycle,the Russian government has realized that its energy development model must transform from raw-material-orientation to innovation-orientation,and in this process,nuclear energy has been attached great importance-the government believes that an aggressive nuclear policy will help achieve the goal of full national energy sovereignty.Thanks to its complete nuclear industry and strong international competitiveness,Russia has been actively involved in bilateral and multilateral cooperation in nuclear energy development in recent years,and has promoted and safeguarded its economic and geopolitical interests through a series of diplomatic activities.At present,both China and Russia have a strong will to promote energy transition,achieve green development,and play a greater role in reshaping the world’s political and economic scene.While learning from the Russian experience and practice,China should fully explore the opportunities,work together with Russia to explore third-party markets,and promote a fair,equitable,balanced and inclusive global energy governance system which is open and shared by all.