先秦至汉代汉语话题结构与回指的互动演变

The Interactive Evolution of Topic Structures and Anaphora in Chinese from the Pre-Qin Period to the Han Dynasty

本文基于先秦至汉代汉语几种话题结构的发展,讨论话题结构与回指的演变关系。先秦汉语常见受事话题结构、判断话题结构、极比话题结构、譬喻话题结构等;大致到汉代,这些结构特定位置上的回指词开始消失或虚化。不同话题结构的演变既有共同趋势又有不平衡性,这种不平衡性在不同结构之间、同一结构不同形式之间、同一形式下不同成分组成的微观结构之间都有表现。回指词消失表现出汉语话题结构从左置型话题结构向话题化型结构演变,这种演变反映着句法结构和代词指称在历时层面的相互影响。话题结构与回指互动演变的动因主要是回指词所指语义的变化和结构叙述核心的变化。

Based on the development of four topic structures,the patient-topic structure,the predicative topic structure,the negative polar comparative structure,and the analogic topic structure from the pre-Qin period to the Han dynasty,this paper discusses the evolution relationship between topic structures and anaphora.Around the Han dynasty,the anaphors in specific positions of these structures disappeared or grammaticalized,which illustrates a common trend of syntactic change.In this trend,different structures,different syntactic forms,and the micro-constructions with different components have varying degrees of evolution.The disappearance of anaphors indicates the change of topic structure from left-dislocation to topicalization,which reflects the mutual influence of syntactic form and pronominal reference at the diachronic level,mainly related to the change of semantic type of the referent and the change of the"center of the expression".