《民法典》环境侵权惩罚性赔偿制度之功能剖辨

The Function of the Punitive Damages System for Environmental Torts in the Civil Code

《民法典》侵权责任编第1232条规定的环境侵权惩罚性赔偿制度,是一项新增制度。从内在机理审视,惩罚主义理论或功利主义理论均难以为环境侵权惩罚性赔偿制度的"惩罚"功能提供理论支撑。从规则体系审视,若赋予该制度"惩罚"功能,则错置了侵权责任的保护客体,混同了生态环境保护中私法机制与公法机制,忽视了"环境损害"救济法律机制体系的分工与衔接。环境侵权惩罚性赔偿制度不能承担"惩罚"功能,而应被定位为贯彻完全赔偿原则的一项损害填补制度。该制度以更为全面深入识别和认定环境侵权"损害"为前提,以救济非稳定的、不可量化的环境侵权损害和环境健康损害等从传统侵权责任制度体系中"逃逸"的损害类型为功能。

The punitive damages system for environmental torts provided in Article 1232 of the Book Tort Liability of the Civil Code is a new system. Reviewing from the intrinsic mechanism,neither the retributive theory nor the utilitarianism can provide theoretical support for the " punitive " function of the environmental tort punitive damages system. From the viewpoint of the rule system of ecological environmental protection,if the system is given the function of " punishment",it will misplace the object of protection of tort liability,mix the mechanism of private law and public law,and ignore the division and connection of the legal mechanism system of " environmental damage" relief. The system of punitive damages for environmental torts cannot assume a " punitive" function,but should be positioned as a system to compensate for damages to implement the principle of full compensation. The system is based on the premise of more comprehensive and in-depth identification and recognition of environmental tort " damages",and is designed to provide relief for non-stable and non-quantifiable environmental tort damages and environmental health damages that have " escaped" from the traditional tort liability system.