犍陀罗艺术中的“希腊神”及其在中国的演化——一项基于图像的初步考察

The"Greek Deities"in Gandhara Art and Their Evolution in China:A Preliminary Survey Based on Iconography

丝绸之路开通之后,外来神开始传入中国。其中一些有可能源自希腊,或可与希腊神灵相认同,如阿波罗、赫拉克勒斯、尼科、阿特拉斯、赫利俄斯等。这些希腊神主要是以佛教人物的形象与犍陀罗艺术一道进入中国的。为了使其适应新的依存环境,中国的佛教徒或艺术家对他们的形象进行了本土化改造,其结果就是随着佛教的汉化,这些"希腊神"也最终融入了中国的传统文化之中。由于文献资料严重缺乏,以图像为基础的考察或可有助于对这些希腊神从地中海到印度再到中国演变过程的认识。

After the opening of the Silk Road,foreign deities began to be introduced into China.Some of these may be of Greek origin or identified with Greek deities,such as Apollo,Hercules,Nico,Atlas,Helios,etc.These Greek deities entered China mainly in the form of Buddhist figures along with the Gandhara art.In order to make them be adapted to the new dependent environment,Chinese Buddhists or artists localized their images.As a result,along with the Sinicization of Buddhism,these"Greek deities"were eventually integrated into Chinese traditional culture.Given the severe lack of documentation,image-based investigations may help to understand the evolution of these Greek deities from the Mediterranean to India and then to China.