感知的教练员领导行为对运动员心理疲劳的影响:害怕失败的中介作用

Effect of Perceived Coach-Leadership Behavior on Athletes’Burnout:The Mediating Role of Fear of Failure

研究目的:研究把运动员的害怕失败作为中介变量,探索感知的教练员领导行为对运动员心理疲劳影响的解释机制,并着重观察运动员所感知的教练员民主领导行为和专制领导行为的不同作用影响。研究方法:在全国范围内采用随机抽样法,让处于不同项目和不同等级的347名(男性为173人;女性为174)专业运动员完成“运动领导行为量表”、“失败表现评估量表”以及“运动员心理疲劳问卷”,所获数据采用回归和Bootstrap分析,分别对构建的民主领导行为解释假设模型和专制领导行为解释假设模型进行拟合。研究结果:①感知教练员民主领导行为会显著减少运动员的心理疲劳感,而知教练员专制领导行为则会显著增加运动员的心理疲劳;②感知教练员民主领导行为与运动员害怕失败不存在显著相关性,而感知教练员专制领导行为则会显著增加运动员的害怕失败;③由于感知教练员民主领导行为与运动员的害怕失败不具有显著相关性,因此害怕失败在民主领导行为假设模型中的中介解释作用假设不成立;④由于感知教练员专制型领导行为会显著增加运动员害怕失败,所以害怕失败在专制领导行为假设模型中的中介解释作用假设成立。研究结论:通过对运动员所感知到的两种教练员领导行为进行观察,可以发现专制型领导行为对运动员的负面情绪影响是多方面的。它不仅会在训练和比赛的过程中直接引起运动员的心理疲劳,还会通过运动员害怕失败感的叠加效应来增加其心理疲劳。因此,研究建议在运动实践中应该提倡教练员有计划性的多采用民主型的领导行为帮助运动员有效的减少心理疲劳。

Purpose:To explore the mechanism explaining the effect of perceived coach-leadership behavior on athletes’burnout with the mediator of fear of failure and to focus on observing the different effects in perceived democratic coach-leadership behavior and authoritarian coach-leadership behavior.Method:Randomly selected 347 elite athletes nationwide(173 males;174 females)to complete the“Leadership Scale for Sports,”“Performance Appraisal Inventory,”and“Athlete Burnout Questionnaire,”and fitted both hypothesis models of perceived democratic coach-leadership behavior respectively and perceived authoritarian coach-leadership behavior with adopting regression analysis and Bootstrap.Results:①Perceived coaches'democratic leadership behaviors will significantly reduce athletes'burnout while knowing coaches'autocratic leadership behaviors will significantly increase athletes'burnout;②Perceived coaches'democratic leadership behaviors and athletes'fear of failure do not exist.There is a significant correlation,and perceived coach authoritarian leadership behavior will significantly increase athletes'fear of failure;③Since perceived coach democratic leadership behavior and athletes'fear of failure have no significant correlation,the fear of failure in the democratic leadership behavior hypothesis model;④The mediating effect hypothesis of fear of failure in the hypothetical model of autocratic leadership behavior holds true because perceived coaches'authoritarian leadership behavior will significantly increase athletes'fear of failure.Conclusion:Through observing the two coaches'leadership behaviors perceived by athletes,it can be found that the negative emotional impact of autocratic leadership behaviors on athletes is multifaceted.It will not only directly cause the burnout of athletes in the process of training and competition,but also increase the burnout of athletes through the superimposed effect of fear of failure.Therefore,research suggests that coaches should be encouraged to adopt democratic leadership behaviors in a planned way in sports practice to help athletes effectively reduce burnout.