文化主权视域下流失文物追索的法理思考--基于石窟寺流失文物的分析

Jurisprudential Thinking on Cultural Property Recovery from the Perspective of Cultural Sovereignty--Based on China's Lost Cultural Property from Cave Temples

以石窟寺文物为代表的大量中国文物在近代流失,其背景复杂、肇因独特,对国家文化主权构成严重侵害,也对当下展开的法律追索构成诸多障碍。国内法层面上,事实证据缺失、所有权法律依据模糊、现代民事法律制度的诸多规则构成追索障碍;国际法层面上,国际条约存在无溯及力、适用范围有限、条款设计缺陷和执行力不足等问题,难以为追索提供充分支撑。我国应坚持文化主权原则,在人类命运共同体理念的统摄下推进文物追索;要加强海外流失文物调查,明确追索的事实依据;根据现持有人法律地位差异制定针对性追索策略;将文物追索纳入统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治的系统工程,从立法、执法和司法层面完善文物追索法治体系,积极参与国际文物治理和国际法规则改革,促进流失文物返还国际新秩序的形成。

Under complicated and unique history background,the loss of China's cultural property overseas around the 1920s,especially those from cave temples,not only constitutes the infringement of cultural sovereignty of China,but also brings a series of legal obstacles to the international cultural property recovery.At the domestic level,the lack of evidence for the origin of cultural property,the ambiguity of the legal basis for ownership,and the modern civil law system have posed obstacles to the claim for cultural property.The non-retroactive effect,limited scope of application,flawed design and insufficient enforcement of current international conventions,also fail to provide adequate support for the recovery of cultural property at the level of international law.China should adhere to its cultural sovereignty in the recovery of lost cultural property,with the idea of building a community of shared future for mankind.Through strengthening the investigation of cultural property lost overseas,the basis for recovery could be clarified.It's also important to develop recovery strategies based on the legal status of various holders.By taking the international cultural property recovery into a coordinate approach to promoting the rule of law at home and in matters involving foreign elements,to improve the rule of law system through legislation,law enforcement and judicial procedure,and to take active participation into the reform of international norms,the formation of a new international order favoring the restitution of cultural property can be eventually achieved.