“心物内外”与“公私之别”:朱子“格致”方向新释

“Mind Inner and Things Outer”and“Public and Private Differences”:New Interpretation on the Direction of Zhu Xi’s“Investigating Things to Seek Truth”

朱子《大学章句》改前人训释“格物致知”之“格”为“来”,将“格”训为“至”,“格致”的方向为心“推及”物,但又以“来”收物于心,阳明“格致”则是直接把吾心之良知送到事事物物。朱子阳明“格致”方向的功夫论分歧,不是“心—物—心”的方向分殊,而首先是“心物内外”问题。对朱子而言,物在心外,人与物不同,物与物也不同,心不同于理;对阳明而言,物在心中,物与己相同,物与物也相同,心即是理。朱子与阳明所理解的格致方向之别反映“人心—外物—天理”三层关系的理解之异,正是宋代开始的近世中国“私情”与“公理”的关系张力的表现。由“心物内外”引发“公私之别”的思考,对朱子的心性问题、理气问题、形上形下问题,可有新的“豁然贯通”。

Zhu Xi’s connotation on“the Great Learning”chapters changes the predecessor’s interpretation on“Ge Wu Zhi Zhi”(Investigating Things to Seek Truth)’s“Ge”from“Lai”(Coming into the Mind)to“Zhi”(Coming to the Things).The direction of“Gezhi”was parted to two periods,to“push extremely”things from heart,and then collecting things to the heart.Yangming’s“Gezhi”directly sends the conscience of my heart to everything.Zhu Xi’s and Yangming’s Kung Fu theory’s divergence in the direction of“Gezhi”is not the direction of“mind-things-mind”,but first of all the issue of“Mind Inner and Things Outer”.For Zhu Xi,things are outside the mind;people and things are different;things and things are also different.Therefore,mind is different from reason;for Yangming,things are in the heart the same as themselves,and things and things are also the same,so mind is reason.The difference between Zhu Xi’s and Yangming’s understanding of the direction of the“Gezhi”reflects the difference in the understanding of the three-layer relationship of“human heart-external things-Heaven-Tianli”,which is the manifestation of the relationship tension between“private feelings”and“axiom”in modern China since the Song Dynasty.The thinking of“the difference between the public and the private”caused by“the inside and outside of the mind and matter”can have a new“sudden connection”to Zhu Xi’s Xin Xing issue,Li Qi issue,physical and metaphysical discussion.