东汉后期士人个体生命意识的觉醒

The Awakening of Individual Life Consciousness of Scholars in the Late Eastern Han Dynasty

从思想文化与文学的视角看,东汉后期是一个非常重要的历史时段。政治的深度腐败以及相应的社会全面衰败,导致思想文化发生多元化转向:经学衰颓,道家思想强势回潮,佛教、道教也悄然兴起。东汉后期外戚、中宦和权臣角力争夺、相继专权的政治生态,给士人带来极大的政治风险,不止仕路艰难,甚至危及生命。东汉后期士人的处世心态也因此发生了极大变化:在趋向多元的基本格局中,更多呈现出疏离政权、重生保命的倾向。此种情形,推动东汉后期文学走向了自我和情感,走向了独立自足。

From the perspective of ideology,culture and literature,the late Eastern Han dynasty was a very important historical period.The deep corruption of politics and the corresponding overall decline of society led to the diversification of ideology and culture:Studies of Confucian Classics declined,and Taoist ideology made a strong resurgence.Buddhism,Taoism were also quietly rising.The political ecology of the late Eastern Han Dynasty in which the relatives(relatives of a ruler or an emperor on his mother’s or wife’s side),eunuchs,powerful ministers engaged in tussles and monopolized power successively,which brought great political risks to the scholars.Not only was the official career hard,it could even be life-threatening.Because of this,the attitude towards life of the scholars in the late Eastern Han Dynasty changed greatly:In the basic pattern tending to pluralism,there was a tendency to alienate the political power and chose to survive.This situation pushed the literature of the late Eastern Han Dynasty towards self and emotion,towards independence and self-sufficiency.