项目制下的高职院校同质化:作用机制、问题表征与改革路径

The homogenization of higher vocational colleges under the project-based governance model:the action mechanism,problem representation and reform path

从2005年启动“国家示范性高等职业院校建设计划”以来,我国高职院校的发展被深深地嵌入项目制治理模式。项目制治理模式通过合法性机制生产和再生产高职院校的同质化,并通过“委托代理”关系形成的剩余控制权维系高职院校的多样化发展。项目制治理模式下高职院校的同质化发展产生了诸多不利影响:中央资源的低效配置与高职院校的低质量内卷;国家需求、地方需求与行业需求间的紧张关系;成果推广的水土不服和实践创新的动力缺失。为破解同质化发展问题,未来我国针对高职院校的项目化治理应注重完善中央项目申报机制,明确央地项目功能定位;试点“必选+自选”项目申报模式,推动职业高等教育分类特色发展;实施“基础绩效+典型成果”评价模式,提升多元主体评价权重;强化项目实施的动态指导,逐步提升政策清晰度。

Since"National Demonstrative Higher Vocational Colleges Construction Plan"was launched in 2005,the development of higher vocational colleges in China has been deeply embedded in the project-based governance model.The project-based governance model produces and reproduces the homogenization of higher vocational colleges through the legitimacy mechanism,and maintains the diversified development of higher vocational colleges through the residual control right formed by the"principal-agent"relationship.Under the project-based governance model,the homogeneous development of higher vocational colleges has many adverse effects,such as the inefficient allocation of central government resources and the low-quality involution of higher vocational colleges;the tension between the national demand,local demand and industry demand;the non-acclimatization of achievement promotion and the lack of motivation of practical innovation.In order to solve the problem of homogeneous development,the future project-based governance of higher vocational colleges in China should focus on improving the central government project application mechanism and clarifying the functional orientation of central government projects and local government projects;piloting the project application model of"mandatory+optional"to promote the development of classified characteristics of vocational higher education;implementing the evaluation model of"basic performance+typical results"and improving the evaluation weight of multiple subjects;strengthening the dynamic guidance on project implementation and gradually improving the policy clarity.