制度弹性、惯性与汉代赋役身份的外在错位

Institutional Flexibility, Inertia and External Dislocation of the Servant Identity in the Han Dynasty

秦汉"大男大女模式"最初并不是专门用来征发赋役的,它是最基本的人身控制模式。直到汉初,"大男大女模式"与赋役制度仍不是直接对应。随着户赋演变为口赋以及杂税的弹性扩张,赋税征缴逐渐向"大男大女模式"靠拢;秦汉"傅籍模式"是朝廷每年八月对男子进行的系统工作,与女性无涉,其目的是统计男子服兵役、更役等常规徭戍的人数。汉代徭役的制度弹性导致服役对象由傅籍男性扩展到大男群体,甚至大女群体,呈现出"大男大女模式"与"傅籍模式"的纠缠不清,形成了汉代赋役身份的外在错位。

The "adult man and adult woman mode" in Qin and Han Dynasty was not originally used to levy servants, but the most basic personal control mode. Until the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the "adult man and adult woman mode" and the system of the taxation and corvee were still not one-to-one correspondence. As households tax evolved into head tax and flexible expansion of taxation, taxation gradually moved closer to the "adult man and adult woman mode";Qin and Han "Fuji mode" was the systematic work of the government on men in August every year, and had nothing to do with women. The purpose was to count the number of regular servants for men’s military service, construction service and other corvee. The institutional flexibility of the Han Dynasty corvee system led to the expansion of the service personnel from the Fuji men to the adult men group, and even the adult women group, showing the confusion of the two modes, forming the external dislocation phenomenon of the servant identity in the Han Dynasty.