传统治吏经验在现代廉政法治建设中的创造性转化

The Creative Transformation of Traditional Official Governance Experience in the Construction of Modern Clean Government and Rule of Law

传统中国在官吏治理的过程中形成了诸多行之有效的制度并积淀了丰富多元的治吏经验。长期的政治实践使得统治者充分地认识到建构完善监察体系的重要性,因此传统中国监察制度作为一种以权制权、纠举不法的约束制衡机制,不断获得了统治者的青睐并日趋完善。这些经验既有合理性又有局限性。如果祛除价值,仅从技术层面分析,这些治吏实践的确具有一定的合理性。从总体上说,中国古代反腐实践是失败的,其之所以难以从根本上发挥作用,在于反腐仅仅停留在官僚阶层内部,不能向社会公开,不能让民众有效参与。中国古代腐败频发且难以根治的一个很重要原因是无法正确划分公私界限,在恩报的影响下,当在私人领域发生馈赠而需以公共资源加以回报时,制度便会异化,腐败便随之发生。面对古代廉政经验,我们要采取一种开放的姿态,持一种谨慎的立场,既不能全盘接收,也不能全部否定,而是要站在现代的立场上进行抽象继承,具体批判,局部继承,总体批判,在党管干部的原则下坚持与时俱进,勇于吸收一切文明中的有益成分,通过制度设计实现干部管理、监督的科学化。摒弃古代廉政经验中人治的内涵,克服局限性,与此同时赋予其新的价值,使之在现代民主法治的框架内实现传统的现代性转化,进而为当下中国的廉政法治建设提供有益的资源。

Traditional China has formed many effective systems and accumulated rich and diverse experience in the official governance.The long-term political practice has made the rulers fully realizing the importance of constructing a perfect supervisory system.Therefore,the traditional Chinese supervisory system,as a restraint and balance mechanism that restrict power and rectify illegality,has always been favored by the rulers and has become increasingly perfect.These experiences have both rationality and limitations.If the value is removed and only analyzed from the technical level,these administrative practices do have a certain degree of rationality.Generally speaking,the anti-corruption practice in ancient China failed.The reason why it is difficult to play a fundamental role is that the anti-corruption only stays within the bureaucratic stratum,cannot be disclosed to the society,and cannot allow the public to participate effectively.A very important reason for the frequent occurrence of corruption and the difficulty in eradicating in ancient China is that it is unable to correctly divide the boundary between public and private.Under the influence of repayment for an obligation,when present action occur in the private sphere and public resources are required to repay,the system will be alienated and corruption will occur followed by.Facing the ancient experience of clean government,we must adopt an open attitude and a cautious stance.We can neither accept it entirely,nor deny it altogether.Instead,we must carry out abstract inheritance,concrete criticism,and partial inheritance,total criticism from a modern standpoint,adhere to the principle of keeping pace with the times under the principle of the Party assuming the responsibility for cadres affairs,have the courage to absorb all the beneficial elements of civilization,and realize the scientific management and supervision of cadres through system design.We should abandon the connotation of the rule by man in the ancient experience of clean government,and overcome its limitations.At the same time,we should give the ancient experience new value,so that it can realize the modernity transformation of traditiona within the framework of modern democracy and rule of law,and then provide beneficial resources for the current construction of clean government and rule of law in China.