天然草地含吡咯里西啶类生物碱有毒植物研究进展

Study Progress of Poisonous Plants Containing Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Natural Grasslands

天然草地是草地畜牧业发展的物质基础,也是重要的绿色生态屏障,对维护生态安全和食物安全,保护人类生存环境具有重要意义。长期以来,由于草地干旱、超载过牧、盲目开垦等自然和人为因素的影响,导致草地大面积沙化和毒草化。含吡咯里西啶生物碱(Pyrrolizidine alkaloids,PAs)有毒植物具有种类多、分布广等特点,已成为天然草地主要毒害草之一,给草地畜牧业造成严重经济损失。目前,国内外对PAs的研究主要集中在代谢方式及毒理学研究,对于含PAs有毒植物的资源分布、危害程度及科学利用等情况的调查尚不系统。因此,本文就含PAs有毒植物种类和地理分布、在天然草地中的毒性灾害状况以及PAs结构与代谢方式、毒性毒理、药理作用、综合利用等内容进行了综述,对认识含PAs有毒植物在天然草地中的生态作用及科学利用具有重要的指导意义。

Natural grassland,which is not only the vital ecological screen,but also has the significant value for maintaining ecological and alimental security and protecting the living environment of human beings,is the basis of development of animal industry.For a long time,however,the large acreage of grassland is replaced by desertification and poisonous plants due to several factors,such as drought,severe overgrazing,blind reclamation and other natural and man-made effects.Multiple species and wide distribution are the characteristics of poisonous plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids(PAs).They have become one of the main poisonous plants in natural grassland,causing serious economic losses to animal industry.At present,the research on PAs mainly focuses on metabolism and toxicology at home and abroad.However,the investigation on the resource distribution,harm degree and scientific utilization of poisonous plants containing PAs is not systematic.Therefore,the situation about poisonous plants containing PAs,such as species,geographical distribution,damage,reasonable utilization,and PAs including the structures,metabolism,toxicity,pharmacology and comprehensive utilization metabolism pathways are reviewed individually in this review.It is helpful to understand the ecological role and find the scientific utilization method of poisoning plants containing PAs in natural grassland.