盛世隐忧:从乾嘉文治看清朝由盛而衰

Changing from Prosperity to Decadence of the Qing Dynasty:Seen from the Perspective of Cultural Governance during Qianlong and Jiaqing Period

以盛世光环载入史册的乾隆朝在文治领域潜伏着重重隐忧。当时朝廷重视经学,而思想上却不认同民间汉学;虽然承袭庙堂理学,却对其内圣外王鲜有心得,并且压制朝野理学的发展。同时,统治者的信仰世界混乱、迷茫。嘉庆朝的经学政策略有调整,重新重视理学,又强调以勤简为政,但总体上缺少新意,无济于事,清中期遂成武功彰显而文治偏失的格局。这也是清朝由盛而衰的重要根源。

Many latent crises embedded in the Qing history during the flourishing Qianlong period.The imperial court attached importance to the studies of Confucian Classics,whereas it would not recognize Han Learning’s ideology transmitted unofficially.Although it inherited the official Neo-Confucianism,the court made no progress in either theory or practice,and suppressed the booming of Neo-Confucianism developed by both official and unofficial scholars.At the same time,the faith world of the court was very confused and superstitious.Thereafter,Emperor Jiaqing adjusted his policy of Classics studies,and paid attention to the Neo-Confucianism again.He also advocated diligence and frugality in administration.However,it is almost of no help.Even though the court had acquired outstanding military achievement,it lost in cultural governance,which is one of the critical reasons why the Qing declined.