20世纪美国残疾人就业权利的缘起、制度化与困境

The Origins,Institutionalization and Dilemmas of Employment Rights for People with Disabilities in the United States in the 20th Century

在某种意义上,20世纪的美国历史也是一部残疾人的民权运动史。如果说经济大萧条初步唤醒了残疾人的就业权利意识,两次世界大战开启了美国伤残军人康复与就业援助的机制建设,第三次科技革命则加速了残疾人就业权利保障的制度化进程。从公共就业计划、残疾人社会保障保险计划、补充收入保障计划,到《1973年残疾人康复法》,再到《1990年美国残疾人法》,残疾人的就业权利经历了被漠视、依附于福利救济、向实现平等权利转变等阶段,给美国的政治、经济、社会、思想领域留下了诸多挑战和值得思考的问题。由于法律在解决社会问题上存有局限、残疾人对各种福利保障资助的依赖、根深蒂固的偏见等因素,美国残疾人争取平等权利之路仍任重而道远。

In a certain sense,the history of the United States in the 20 th century is a history of the civil rights movement for people with disabilities.If the Great Depression initially awakened the awareness of the employment rights of people with disabilities,and the two World Wars initiated the policy construction of rehabilitation and employment assistance for disabled American soldiers,the Third Technological Revolution accelerated the process of institutionalizing the employment rights of Americans with disabilities.From the Public Works,the Social Security Disability Insurance,the Supplemental Security Income,to the Rehabilitation Act,and the Americans with Disabilities Act,the employment rights of the disabled have undergone a transformation from being disregarded,to being dependent on welfare assistance,to realizing equal rights,and left many challenges and questions to ponder in American politics,economy,society,and ideology.Due to the limitation of laws,historical legacy,and deep-rooted prejudice,Americans with disabilities still have a long way to go to fight for equal rights.