历代“绘事后素”注释新解

New Explanation of the Annotation of “Huishi Housu” in History

"绘事后素"历来都是中国画论中极为重要的一个命题,但有关它的注解一直没有定论,多有歧见,主要有郑玄的"后素"说和朱熹的"先素"说。就其实质而言,此类歧见并非"绘事后素"本身,而是对隐含在其背后的孔子的儒学思想的理解,同时,仅以此为评判标准,又会使人们对"绘事后素"的理解陷入单一化的局面。所以,必须考量"绘事"本身对于理解"绘事后素"的重要意义。郑玄和朱熹二人以不同的出发点去了解孔子的"绘事后素",其理解却殊途同归。"绘事后素"本身在漫长的历史、文化和艺术演变过程中,已经逐渐脱离了孔子儒学思想的限制,它早已独立成为一种在不同的门类艺术中皆有一席之地的美学思想。从《考工记》与绘画的角度来看"绘事后素"的注解,郑、朱二人在解读上的偏差并非是因为其对某种知识认知的不同,而是这一问题原本就蕴含多种解读的可能性。若仅基于《考工记》解读"绘事后素",对朱熹的时代而言,彼时"画缋"中的素已经不能完全适用于此时"绘画"中的素,因为在时间的长河中,不同门类艺术的特点和媒介不断变化的综合作用,赋予了"绘事后素"一种时代性,而这也是其能够历久弥新的原因。

“Huishi Housu” has been an important proposition of Chinese paintings in history. There are many different and disputable annotations about this term and the main two propositions are the “Housu” argument by Zheng Xuan and “Xiansu” argument by Zhu Xi. In fact, these divergencies are not “Huishi Housu” itself but are reflections of the understandings about Confucianism thoughts of Confucius. Meanwhile, this simplified criterion will restrict the understandings of “Huishi Housu” in a simplified way. Therefore, it is necessary to think about the significance meanings of “Huishi” in the understanding of “Huishi Housu”. Zheng Xuan and Zhu Xi understood Confucius’ s “Huishi Housu” in differentiated ways, which, however, led to the same end. “Huishi Housu”, during the long historical, cultural and artistic evolution, has been detached from the limitation of Confucianism and developed as an independent aesthetic thought in various genres of arts. As shown in the annotations of “Huishi Housu” from both Kaogong Ji and paintings, the divergent understandings by Zheng and Zhu are not because of their differentiated perceptions on certain knowledge but because of the possibilities of the understandings of the statement itself. If “Huishi Housu” is only understood by Kaogong Ji, for the times of Zhu Xi, the Su in the then “Huahui” was not suitable to the Su in the “painting” at that time, because during the history different genres of arts and medias were changing, which rendered the contemporaneity of “Huishi Housu”. This is also a reason why “Huishi Housu” is always a new concept.