哈萨克斯坦油气储运系统与过境运输启示

Kazakhstan’s oil & gas storage and transportation system and enlightenment of transit transportation

哈萨克斯坦(简称哈国)油气资源富庶,是中亚油气运输的重要枢纽。哈国油气储运系统是推进中哈能源合作的重要抓手,对于带动“一带一路”互联互通、保障中国能源安全意义重大。通过梳理哈国运输油气通道体系现状、通道格局、过境国地位及演进历程,深入剖析了哈国作为重要油气运输通道的能源地缘博弈特征。重点从能源通道权力角度,阐释了中哈能源安全之间的内在联系,并提出了合作建议。研究表明:哈国油气管道总运力分别达到1×10^(8) t、2700×10^(8) m^(3),过境运力分别为2000×10^(4) t、1900×10^(8) m^(3)。近年来,中国几乎参与了哈国所有新建干线管道工程项目,对其能源出口多元化发挥了关键作用。受地缘及市场因素限制,近些年,哈国原油出口对俄罗斯的依赖度从73%增至95%,中哈天然气合作使其天然气出口对俄罗斯的依赖度从97%降至60%。未来应依托哈国的战略支点地位布局西北能源通道,加强通道来源多样化、路由多元化,创新天然气合作模式,推进中亚地区能源通道的互联互通。

Kazakhstan,rich in oil and gas resources,is an important hub for oil and gas transportation in Central Asia.The oil&gas storage and transportation system of Kazakhstan is an important channel to promote the energy cooperation between China and Kazakhstan,which is of great significance to realize the connectivity under the Belt and Road Initiative and ensure the energy security of China.In this study,by investigating the current situation of Kazakhstan’s oil and gas channel system,the pattern of the channel system,the transit country status and the evolution process,the characteristics of Kazakhstan as an important oil and gas transportation corridor in the geopolitics of energy were analyzed.Meanwhile,the internal relationship of China with Kazakhstan in terms of energy security was especially clarified from the power of energy corridor,and on this basis,suggestions on cooperation were proposed.It is found in this study that the total transportation capacities of Kazakhstan’s oil and gas pipelines are up to 1×10^(8) t/a and 2700×10^(8) m^(3)/a,with the transit capacities reaching 2000×10^(4) t/a and 1900×10^(8) m^(3)/a,respectively.In recent years,China has participated in the construction of most new trunk pipelines in Kazakhstan,and played an important role in the diversification of Kazakhstan’s energy export.Due to the limitation of geographical and market factors,Kazakhstan’s dependence on Russia in crude oil export has increased from 73%to 95%,while the natural gas cooperation between Kazakhstan and China has reduced its dependence on Russia in gas export from 97%to 60%.Generally,the arrangement of northwest energy corridor in future should be based on the strategic stronghold of Kazakhstan,so as to strengthen the diversification of channel sources and routes,innovate natural gas cooperation mode,and promote the interconnection of energy channels in Central Asia.