什么是智力?成年人的朴素智力理论

What is Intelligence? Adults’ Na?ve Theories of Intelligence

朴素智力理论是没有系统学习科学智力理论的成年人对智力的经验性认识。对成年人朴素智力理论的研究有助于了解个体如何建立对客观世界的理解。本文从对智力本质的理解、朴素智力理论的影响因素、对自己或他人智商的估计三个视角介绍了有关成年人朴素智力理论的研究。成人对智力本质的理解有跨文化的一致性,大多包括问题解决、言语能力、社会能力三个方面,这与科学智力理论有一定的相似;成人的朴素智力理论也受到环境、文化、"聪明人"原型年龄的影响;成人对智商的估计有中等程度的准确性。总的来说,成年人对智力的朴素认识是比较准确的。不同层面的个体经验很可能塑造了智力的朴素理论。

Na?ve Theories of Intelligence are laypeople’s empirical understandings about intelligence.As an important part of Na?ve Theories,na?ve theories of intelligence enrich our knowledge of how people understand the real world.The present article reviewed a wide range of studies about adults’na?ve theories of intelligence through three topics:adults’concepts of the nature of intelligence,their influence factors,and adults’estimations of self and others’intelligence.Across cultures,adults’concepts of intelligence include three components invariably,i.e.,problem solving ability,verbal ability,and social competence.These results resemble the conclusions scientific theories of intelligence drew.Environment,culture,and age of the prototypes also influence adults’conceptions of intelligence.Moreover,adults are mediumly accurate when estimating self and others’IQ.In conclusion,adults have mediumly precise understandings of both the components and the extent of peoples’intelligence.Personal experiences from variable sources might shape adults’na?ve theories of intelligence.