论横跨公私法域的个人信用评价制度

On Personal Credit Evaluation System in Perspective of Public Law and Private Law

个人信用评价制度具有私法与公法双重面向,其中私法面向主要包括个人金融信用以及个人金融信用之外的其他经济信用两个维度;公法面向主要包括个人职业信用、个人社会信用和个人综合信用三个维度。个人金融信用和职业信用评价,更趋向于发挥提示风险的功能;个人金融信用之外的其他经济信用、社会信用和综合信用评价,更趋向于发挥规制强化的功能。民法理论认为信用兼具精神利益与财产利益的属性,信用权是与名誉权相对独立的人格权类型,应当受到法律的明确保护;公法理论认为信用评价主体的行为应受实体、程序与可问责性等方面的约束,与信用制度相关联的制裁手段应当符合比例原则、不当联结禁止原则的要求,审慎针对自然人进行数据整合与信用画像。私法与公法中关于个人信用权利保护和信用评价权力约束的理论与规范渊源,应当成为约束个人信用评价制度的共通规范。

Personal credit evaluation system can be divided into the private law and the public law.The private law aspect mainly includes two dimensions:personal financial credit and other economic credit.The public law mainly includes three dimensions:personal professional credit,personal social credit and personal comprehensive credit.Personal financial credit and professional credit evaluations tend to function as warning risks;other economic credit,social credit and comprehensive credit evaluations tend to function as strengthening regulation.According to the theory of civil law,credit has nature of both spiritual interest and property interest.Credit right is a type of personality right that is relatively independent from the right of reputation and should be protected by the law.The theory of public law believes that the behavior of credit evaluation subjects should be subject to the constraints of entities.The sanctions related to accountability should comply with the requirements of the principle of proportionality and the prohibition of improper connection.Data integration and credit profiling for natural persons should be prudently undertaken.The theoretical and normative origins of the protection of personal credit rights and the restriction of credit evaluation power in private law and public law should become the common norm for constraining the personal credit evaluation system.