国内外大型黄金企业汞的问题及其对策

Problems and Countermeasures of Mercury for Large-scale Gold Mining at Home and Abroad

国内外许多金矿资源本身含汞,提金时汞同金的走向一致,在选冶过程中汞不断富集和释放,使大型黄金企业成了全球汞污染和汞副产品的主要来源之一。根据汞同金在地质上的关系介绍了全球含汞金矿的成矿类型和含汞情况,描述了各类金矿选冶工艺的汞变化情况、生成物和控制手段,就汞的形态和含汞废料类型说明了黄金生产中汞污染控制和含汞废弃物处理方法,同时对全球黄金企业副产汞的数量、处置方法和处置法律框架作了解释,还对当前含汞黄金企业的特点、历史遗留污染、社区关系、污染控制复杂性和汞市场状况等进行分析。针对黄金行业发展趋势、汞的国际公约履行、汞贸易限制和供过于求,提出含汞黄金企业应对汞问题的重点在于减少汞释放、生产过程有效控制、汞的无害化处理和汞副产品的永久堆存。

Mercury occurs naturally in many gold mines and runs in the same direction as gold extracting,which makes it enriched and released during processing and smelting,and makes the large-scale gold production industry one of the main sources of atmospheric mercury emission as well as mercury by-products globally. This paper introduces the metallogenic types and distribution areas of global mercury-bearing gold deposits based on the geological relationship between mercury and gold,describes the changes,products,and control methods of mercury in various gold mineral processing and smelting procedures,illustrates the mercury pollution control and mercury-containing waste treatment methods in gold production in accordance with the forms of mercury and the types of mercury-containing wastes, explains the amount,disposal methods and disposal legal frameworks of mercury byproduct in the global gold production industry,and analyzes the characteristics of the current mercury-containing gold industry,its historical pollution,community relations,the complexity of pollution control,and the global market. In view of the development trend of the gold industry,the implementation of international conventions on mercury,mercury trade restrictions and oversupply,it is proposed that mercury-containing gold companies should focus on reducing mercury releases,effective control of the production process,harmless treatment of mercury and permanent storage of mercury by-products.