非洲猪瘟疫苗研制方向及进展

Research Direction and Progress of African Swine Fever Virus Vaccines

非洲猪瘟(African swine fever,ASF)给全球养殖业造成了巨大的威胁和挑战。非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus,ASFV)具有比寻常病毒更加巨大的基因组、迅速的变异能力和更加复杂多变的免疫逃逸机制,目前市场上仍无有效预防疫苗。科研人员几十年来,从灭活疫苗、减毒活疫苗、亚单位疫苗、DNA疫苗及病毒载体疫苗等不同方向致力于ASF疫苗研发。ASFV灭活疫苗相对安全,但是提供的保护力偏低;DNA疫苗还无法解决虽能诱导产生细胞和体液免疫应答,但是对生猪不能起到免疫保护的难点;病毒载体疫苗需要精准定位ASFV的免疫原基因,只有这样才能获得理想的免疫保护效果;减毒活疫苗可以提供同源保护,是目前比较理想的ASFV疫苗研制途径,但是存在较大的生物安全隐患。本文对不同研制方向的ASF疫苗研究进展情况及难点进行综述,以期为ASFV疫苗研发提供新的认识和方向。

African swine fever(ASF)has posed a great threat and challenge to global aquaculture industry.However,no effective vaccines of African swine fever virus(ASFV)have been available in the market,due to its larger genome,rapid mutation ability and more complex and changeable immune escape mechanism,compared to common viruses.The vaccines have been continuously developed by researchers from the aspects of inactivated vaccine,live attenuated vaccine,subunit vaccine,DNA vaccine and virus vector vaccine.Specifically,the inactivated vaccines is relatively safe,but provides relatively low level of protection;DNA vaccine could induce cellular and humoral immune response,but fails to protect pigs;virus vector vaccine may provide ideal immune protection only when the immunogen gene of ASFV is accurately located;and live attenuated vaccine could provide homologous protection as an ideal way to develop ASFV vaccines at present,but is accompanied by great potential bio-safety hazards.In the paper,the research progress and difficulties related to ASFV vaccine development in different directions were reviewed,with a view to providing new awareness and direction for the area.