北魏中后期纪年墓等级规制研究

A STUDY ON THE HIERARCHICAL REGULATIONS OF DATED TOMBS IN THE MIDDLE AND LATE NORTHERN WEI DYNASTY

目次一地面封土与陵园建筑二墓道及过洞天井三墓室结构四随葬品组合五墓主身份六结语北魏由拓跋鲜卑建立,墓葬体现了多民族文化融合的特征。随着考古材料不断积累,纪年墓的资料日渐丰富,为探讨北魏中后期墓葬等级、丧葬制度提供了直接证据。目前发现的北魏墓葬近两千座,经考古发掘的不到半,其中纪年墓信息较完整者有七十四座(附表)。

Among the numerous Northern Wei tombs excavated so far,there are only 74tombs bearing inscriptions of exact construction dates,mainly concentrated in the capital Pingcheng(present-day Datong City),Luoyang,and surrounding areas.The earliest Northern Wei dated tomb is the one in the first year of Taiyan(435)era,and the ones from the first year of Tian’an(466)to the third year of Yongxi(534)show clear hierarchical regulations.The ground mounds,tomb entry ramp scale,burial chamber structure,grave goods type,and tomb owner identity reflect obvious differences in rank,indicating that a standard burial system had been formed.The highest-ranking tombs of the emperors and the empresses face south,usually with 60-pace wide mounds.Each mausoleum features an enclosure wall,gate towers,sacred way and stone sculptures,an entry ramp about 40mlong and 3mwide.The brick burial chamber is huge,with a side length over 5.5mand an area over 30sq m.The stone and lacquered wood burial containers are exquisite,and the curtains and bedding are abundant,with a large number of mingqi and practical utensils of high quality.The tombs of senior officials and nobles belong to the second rank,featuring tomb mounds about 30-pace wide and entry ramps 20-30mlong.Some of them have guodong-passageways and ventilation shafts.The burial chambers are 18-30sq m,some with murals and a large number of figurines.The tombs of middle and lower level officials and powerful families belong to the third rank.The mounds are mostly non-existent and the entry ramps are 10-20mlong.An increased number of earthen cave tombs,about 18sq m,appeared.The number of figurines and practical utensils is fewer.The commoners’ tombs belong to the lowest rank.The mounds are no longer extant;the narrow ramps are less than 10mlong;the earthen cave tombs are less than 8sq m;the grave goods are scarce;inscribed bricks are found in some of the tombs.Though the above different levels of burials still have regional or period variations,they follow the hierarchical regulations overall.Since these tombs have clear construction dates and bear typical characteristics of different social classes,they are useful references for the study of undated tombs.