古建筑彩画保护修复材料与工艺研究初探——以故宫乾隆花园彩画修复为例

Study on the Materials and Techniques for the Conservation Treatment of Polychrome Architectural Paintings——The Example of the Forbidden City Qianlong Garden Polychrome Architectural Paintings Restoration

古建筑彩画保护修复是古建筑修缮中的重要内容。由于受古建筑彩画制成材料及赋存环境等多种复杂因素的影响,彩画原状会发生多种病害,而以地仗层、颜料层、沥粉贴金层等发生龟裂、起翘、脱落、粉化、污染等为主的病害更为常见。近年故宫乾隆花园、养心殿等区域采取了传统保护、科技保护等多种方法进行保护修复。文章以乾隆花园前三进院落耸秀亭、三友轩、衍祺门、旭辉庭南斜爬廊4处彩画、2种制作工艺、5种典型病害的保护修复为例,探讨在当下利用各种传统材料、改性传统材料、化学合成材料保护加固彩画的同时,应针对古建筑彩画不同的病害、不同工艺,进行不同材料的科技保护修复效果评价研究,以达到保护的目的。

The conservation treatment of polychrome architectural paintings have always been an important matter in the repair of traditional architecture.Due to the influence of various complex factors such as the materials and environment of polychrome architectural paintings,different types of deteriorations have occurred,of which the more common conditions include cracking,flaking,loss,powdering and pollution of the plaster and pigment layers,and of the gold gildings.In recent years,Qianlong garden,Yangxin hall and other areas of the Forbidden City have adopted various traditional and scientific methods to conserve and restore the polychrome architectural paintings.Using the example of the treatment of five typical conditions of four polychrome architectural paintings in the front three courtyards of Qianlong garden,namely Songxiu Pavilion,Sanyou Hall,Yanqi Gate and Xuhui Pavilion,which were executed with two different techniques,this paper discusses that with the application of various traditional materials,modified traditional materials and chemical synthetic materials in the treatment of polychrome architectural paintings,evaluation of the effects of scientific treatments using different materials targeting polychrome architectural paintings with different state of deteriorations and techniques of execution should be carried out,so as to achieve the purpose of protection.