宗族、社会与国家——明代建文三年休宁汪猷买田契新论

Clan,Society and Country:A New Study on Land Contract Signed by Wang You in Xiuning in the Third Year of Jianwen of Ming Dynasty

徽州村落大多在两宋时期已经形成,至明代前期一些村落为多姓多族聚居。多姓聚居村落中,各姓各族势力不等且不断分化。徽州宗族组织化并非始于明代中后期,而在明代前期已经出现,并设置了族长。明代基层组织经费由基层社会而非官府承担,各户在承担徭役时采取轮充制和津贴制,此种情况在明代前期徽州已经存在。立契卖产原由为“攒运粮储盘缠”或“攒运粮储盘缠津贴”的数件建文三年七月或八月汪猷买田契,应有其特殊政治背景,当与靖难之役有关。岩井茂树对数件建文三年汪猷买田契背后含义没有深入剖析,周绍泉认为渠口朱氏迁自双溪口、渠口汪氏迁自珰坑街的见解不符合历史事实。

Having been formed in Song Dynasty,some of villages in Huizhou were featured with multi-surnames and clans in the early Ming Dynasty,in which the power of different clans or families with the same surname were unbalanced and in a continuous differentiation. Actually,the systematization of Huizhou clans appeared in early Ming Dynasty instead of Middle and late Ming Dynasty,and clans had their own heads. It was the basic organization but not government that provided funds for primary organizations,and people usually took turns to do corvee and paid allowance,which existed in the early of Ming Dynasty. There are several land contracts signed by Wang You which which recorded the reasons for selling lands were"saving up money for the cost of transporting grain"or"saving up allowance for the cost of transporting grain". These land contracts had their own social and political backgrounds which was relevant to the civil wars called Jingnan Incident. Additionally,Iwai Shigeki had not done deep analysis on the backgrounds of these land contracts;Zhou Shaoquan concluded that the Zhu’s in Qukou migrated from Shuangxikou in Middle and late Ming Dynasty,and the Wang’s in Qukou migrated from Dangkengjie. However,these conclusions are not consistent with the truth of history.