规则何以产生——以哈贝马斯规则观为中心的考察

How are the Rules Made?——An investigation centered on Habermas’ rule view

规则问题或规范问题是哈贝马斯批判理论的核心内容。哈贝马斯强调的社会交往行为在语言哲学中展开,并且提供了可借鉴的规范性基础的现实方向。因此哈贝马斯的规则观也被称为"交往规则观"。在哈贝马斯规则观视域下,参与规则制定的主体,即交往行为的参与者,在生活世界的语境背景下遵循商谈原则实现对话,对规则问题达成一致和共识。哈贝马斯的交往规则观为规则问题的研究提供了新视域,但也使其规则观走向抽象化。从马克思哲学视野出发,规则是人自身实践和历史的产物,不具有神圣性和抽象性。

The problem of rules or norms is the core content of Habermas’ critical theory. The social communicative behavior developed in the philosophy of language provides a realistic way to reveal the normative basis of the living world, so Habermas’ s view of rules is also called "the view of communicative rules". Habermas’ s theory of communicative behavior and the ethics of negotiation provide the theoretical basis for the generation of rules. The subject that participates in the rule making, namely the participant of the communication behavior, follows the negotiation principle to realize the dialogue in the context of the living world, and reaches the agreement and consensus on the rule issues. Habermas’ view of communication rules provides a new perspective for the study of rules, but it also makes his view of rules abstract. From the perspective of Marx’s philosophy, rules are the product of human’s own practice and history, without sacredness and abstractness.