《启蒙辩证法》批判康德启蒙理性的独特视角——以“康德同萨德”命题为切入点

The Unique Critical Perspective of Dialectics of Enlightenment to Kant's Enlightening Reason——Starting from the Proposition of"Kant with Sade"

霍克海默和阿多诺在《启蒙辩证法》第二篇附论中认为,萨德的小说《朱莉埃特》中的主人公朱莉埃特和康德在哲学中塑造的启蒙者是一致的,这便是“康德同萨德”(Kant with Sade)①命题的由来。针对这一命题能否成立的问题,国内外学者产生诸多争议。大卫·詹姆斯是反对派的代表人物,他站在文献学的立场上认为理性在康德那里有同一性和批判性双重属性,而理性的批判性防止了启蒙理性退化为知性②。然而,这一反对意见忽视了《启蒙辩证法》批判启蒙理性的独特视角。实际上,《启蒙辩证法》不仅是从启蒙自身的属性出发批判康德启蒙理性的,而且还将启蒙理性置于资本主义社会的视域之中。正是由于启蒙理性和资本主义工业生产紧密地结合在一起,才使得理性的批判性在强大的资本主义生产方式面前丧失了力量。

In the second excursus of Dialectics of Enlightenment,Horkheimer and Adorno believed that the protagonist Juliette in Sade's novel Juliette was the same as Kant's enlightened person in philosophy,which is the origin of the proposition of"Kant with Sade".In view of whether this proposition can be established,scholars at home and abroad have many disputes.David James is the representative of the opposition.He holds that reason has dual attributes of identity and criticality in Kant's view from the standpoint of philology,and the criticality of reason prevents the degeneration of enlightening reason into understanding.However,this objection ignores the unique perspective from which Enlightenment dialectics criticizes enlightenment reason.In fact,Dialectics of Enlightenment not only criticizes Kant's enlightenment rationality from the attribute of enlightenment itself,but also puts enlightenment rationality in the perspective of capitalist society.It is because of the close combination of enlightenment rationality and capitalist industrial production that rational criticism loses its power.