聚焦与错位:唐宋人视野中的开元、天宝

Focus and Dislocation: Kaiyuan and Tianbao in the Vision of People in the Tang and Song Dynasties

唐人对于开元、天宝大致有三种定位。一种是从整体上肯定开元、天宝都是天下"太平",尤其强调天宝后期在经济与国势等方面达到"极盛";一种是仅肯定开元年间;另一种则认为,姚崇、宋璟任相时期就已经实现了"天下大治",对开元中后期以及天宝时期都持批判态度"。开元之治"是宋人的概括,源自唐人的第三种观念。本文认为,唐玄宗在位时期包含"治世"与"盛世"两个阶段。前者是指开元前期",贞观之风,一朝复振";后者是指唐朝进入全盛阶段,始于开元十八年,终于天宝末。其中的最佳状态是在开元二十五年制度改革完成之后,故曰"开天盛世"。

There were three different views on the Kaiyuan and Tianbao in the Tang people.The first was praising the whole Kaiyuan and Tianbao eras as peace time,and emphasizing the extremely prosperity of the later Tianbao period.The second was only praising the Kaiyuan era.The third view regarded that well-governance were achieved when Yao Chong and Song Jing were prime ministers,while the mid and late period of Kaiyuan and total Tianbao era were denied.The word“well-governance of Kaiyuan”(开元之治)appeared in Song dynasty,and developed from the third point.This article argues that Tang Xuanzong’s era contained both well-governed period(治世)and prosperous period(盛世).The former refers to the early Kaiyuan era which reappeared the features of“well-governance of Zhen guan”.the latter refers to the stage which began at the 18th year of Kaiyuan,ended in the last stage of Tianbao.The peak time appeared since the 25th year of Kaiyuan when system reforms were finally completed.So,we call it“prosperous age of Kaitian”.